• Mixing movement; digestive relexes cause a forward and backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract
• Helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food in contact iwth intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption.

Acute viral disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the parotid gland

SX: fever, loss of appetite, weakness, pain with chewing

• A component of bile
• Products of detoxification, and bile pigments are waste excreted by the liver and eventually eliminated in the feces.

• Inflammation or infection of the gums
• Results from poor oral hygiene; inadequate brushing and no flossing
• Can result in periodontitis if left untreated; spreading to surrounding bony tissue

Controls the outlet of the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum

(Looks like a "C" coming off the stomach)

• Movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment
• Most absorption occurs in the small intestines (food and nutrients)
• Water is adsorbed in the large intestines

• subliguals, parotids, submandibulars
• 1 L or 2 bottles of water

Know that affects carbohydrate metabolism

Know the alimentary canal and its openings.      

The structure of the hard palate:

The layers of the walls of the GI tract, from anterior to posterior

Divisions of the colon, including all of the flexures:

• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon (joins the descending colon to the rectum)
• Rectum
• Hepatic flexure (right)
• Splenic (left)

• Pear-shaped sac 7-10 cm long and 3 cm wide at its broadest point.
• Holds 30-50 mL of bile
• Lies on the undersurface of the liver
• Functions:

Storage of bile

Concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold

Ejection of the concentrated bile into the duodenum

Function of the liver"

Detoxification by liver cells

and

Bile secretion by liver: bile salts are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most essential part of bile; liver cells secrete approx. 1 pint of bile a day

Know all about digestion and what occurs in which part of the digestive system.

The definition of Deglutition and the steps: 

Process of swallowing; complex process requiring coordinated, rapid movements.

• Oral stage (mouth to oropharynx) Only voluntary stage
• Pharyngeal stage (oropharynx to esophagus
• Esophageal stage (esophagus to stomach)

• Acinar units secrete digestive enzymes
• Beta cells secrete insulin
• Alpha cells secrete glucagons
• Runs from the duodenum, behind the stomach, to the spleen

Know the phases of gastric secretion.

• Cephalic phase
• Gastric phase
• Intestinal phase

Baby teeth, which appear early in life

(20 of them)

Replace deciduous teeth 

(32 of them)

Collarlike region at junction with esophagus

(Stomach)

Enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach.

Thick later of muscle with 3 distinct sublayers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing pattern.

Allows the stomach to contract strongly at many angles.

Left 1/6 of the liver

Right 5/6 of the liver, divides into right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe

True/False

There are 2 main types of motility produced by the smooth muscle of the GI tract and can occur together in an alternating fashion.

• Secreted by parietal cells
• Protects vitamin B12 and later facilitates its absorption

True/False

Ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract is outside the internal environment of the body

• Accessory organ of the digestive system
• 8-10 cm in length
• Communicates with the cecum

• Embedded between exocrine units; called pancreatic islets, only 2% of total mass of pancreas.
• Made up of alpha cells and beta cells
• Passes secretions into capillaries

True/False

The digestive tract is functionally an extension of the external environment; material does not truly enter the body until it is absorbed in the the internal environment

• Emptying of the stomach takes 2-6 hours
• Chyme is ejected approx. every 20 seconds into the duodenum

True/False 

Hydrochloric Acid decreases the pH of chyme for activation and optimum function of pepsin