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| Protect, support and bind organs |
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| Cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body activities, and ducts |
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| Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move. They generate heat used by the body |
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| Detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses |
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| Types of Epithelium According to Shape |
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Definition
• Squamous: flat, wide cells
• Cuboidal: cells are wide as they are tall
• Columnar: cells taller than they are wider |
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| Cells in contact with the basement layer, one layer |
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| Appears to have layers, goes from apex to base |
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| Two or more layers, only base layer is in contact with the membrane |
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| a specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary – it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood. |
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| found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum. |
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| HIGHLY VASCULAR AND SUPPLIED WITH MANY NERVES |
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the main protein of C.T. and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content. Made up of fiber glass.
• all C.T has sparse cells and is surrounded by an extracellular mix |
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Definition
Skeletal muscle is voluntary.
- These muscles are attached to bones and are responsible for their movement.
- Skeletal muscle consists of long fibers and is striated due to the repeating patterns of the myofilaments (made of the protein actin and myosin) that make up the fibers. |
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Definition
Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.
- Cardiac muscle is striated like skeletal muscle, but differs in that the plasma membrane of the cardiac muscle causes the muscle to beat even when away from the heart.
- The action potentials of cardiac and skeletal muscles also differ. |
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| the most numerous cells in connective tissues. They secret protein fibers such as collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. |
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| make the various cartilaginous C.T. |
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Smooth muscle is involuntary.
- It is found in organs and enables functions such as digestion and respiration.
- Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle, smooth muscle is not striated.
- Smooth muscle has less myosin and does not generate as much tension as skeletal muscle. |
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Definition
The skin has 3 major layers:
• The outer, thinner layer is called the epidermis and consists of epithelial tissue.
• The inner, thicker layer is called the dermis and consists of C.T.
• The subcutaneous (subQ) layer (also called the hypodermis) is located underneath the dermis.
• It is a loose areolar/adipose C.T. that attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs. |
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Term
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Definition
Abduction – left to right
Adduction – in and out
Flexion – flexing out and in
Extension – going outward
Hyperextension – back and fourth
Circumduction – moving in a circle
Elevation = upward (mandible)
Depression = downward (mandible)
Protraction = forward (mandible)
Retraction = backward (mandible)
Inversion = toes to the outside
Eversion = bottom of the foot to the outside
Dorsiflexion = toes up
Plantarflexion = toes down
Pronation = palm posterior
Supination = palm anterior |
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Definition
Degenerative joint disease
• aging, wear & tear
• Noninflammatory---no swelling
• only cartilage is affected not synovial membrane
• Deterioration of cartilage produces bone spurs
• restrict movement
• Pain upon awakening--disappears with movement |
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Definition
Autoimmune disorder
• Cartilage attacked
• Inflammation, swelling & pain
• Final step is fusion of joint |
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| Range of Motion is a Synovial Joint: |
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Definition
Shape of articulating bones
• Tension & strength of joint ligaments
• Arrangement of muscles around joints
• Apposition (coming together) of soft parts
• Hormones
• relaxin from placenta loosens pubic symphysis
• Disuse
• decreased synovial fluid, decreased flexibility of ligaments, reduced size of muscles |
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| Movements of Synovial Joints: |
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Definition
Gliding
• no change in angle of joint
• Angular movements
• increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones
• flexion, extension, hyperextension
• adduction, abduction
• circumduction is a combination of above movements
• Rotation
• bone revolves around its own axis
• Special movements
• uniquely named movements for jaw, hand and foot |
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Term
| Bursae and Tendon Sheaths: |
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Definition
• Bursae
• Fluid-filled sac like extensions of the joint capsule.
• Reduce friction between moving structures
• Tendon Sheath
• Tubelike bursae that wrap around the tendons at wrist and ankle where many tendons come together in a confined space.
• Buritis
• Inflimation of the bursae |
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Term
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Definition
One bone saddled-shaped; other bone fits as a person would sitting in that saddle
• Biaxial
• Circumduction allows tip of thumb travel in circle
• Opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of other fingers |
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Term
| Condyloid or Ellipsodial Joint: |
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Definition
Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone & ligament
• Monoaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis |
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Definition
Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
• Side to side movement only
• Rotation prevented by ligaments |
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Definition
Albinism is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to a defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin.
Nevi (“birthmarks” or moles) are chronic lesions of the skin – they are, by definition, benign.
Malignant melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes |
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Definition
It contains two regions:
• The papillary region lies just below the epidermis and consists of areolar connective tissue containing thin collagen and elastic fibers, dermal papillae (including capillary loops), corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings.
• The reticular region consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.
• Tears or excessive stretching in this region cause stretch marks(also called striae). |
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Definition
The subcutaneous layer is also called the hypodermis, and it attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs.
• It contains blood vessels and nerves in transit to the more superficial layers.
• It also contains lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles that detect external pressure applied to the skin.
Hair:
• Hair is associated with the word “pili”.
• It is present on most surfaces except the palms, anterior surfaces of fingers, and the soles of the feet.
• It is composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells.
• Genetics determines thickness and distribution.
• Hair helps with touch sensations and protects the body against the harmful effects of the sun and against heat loss.
• The parts of a hair include:
• The shaft (above the skin surface)
• The follicle (below the level of the skin)
• A root that penetrates into the dermis includes:
• An epithelial root sheath
• A dermal root sheath
• Types of hairs
• Lanugo – fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus
• Vellus hairs – short, fine, pale hairs barely visible to the naked eye
• Terminal hairs – long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs
• Hair color is determined by the amount and type of melanin. |
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| Classification of Joints: |
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Definition
Structural classification based upon:
• presence of space between bones
• type of connective tissue holding bones together
• collagen fibers
• cartilage
• joint capsule & accessory ligaments
• Functional classification based upon movement:
• immovable = synarthrosis
• slightly movable = amphiarthrosis
• freely movable = diarthrosis |
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Term
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Definition
Lack a synovial cavity
• Bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
• Little or no movement (synarthroses or amphiarthroses)
• 3 structural types
• sutures
• syndesmoses
• gomphoses |
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Definition
Epidermal wound healing occurs following superficial wounds that affect only the epidermis.
• Return to normal function is the rule.
Deep wound healing occurs when an injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer.
• Loss of some function and development of scar tissue is the rule.
Burns:
• A first-degree burn involves only the epidermis
• It is characterized by mild pain and erythema (redness) but no blisters and skin functions remain intact.
• A second-degree burn destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis - some skin functions are lost.
• Redness, blister formation, edema, and pain result.
• A third-degree burn is a full-thickness burn (destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer).
• Most skin functions are lost, and the region is numb because sensory nerve endings have been destroyed. |
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Term
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Definition
5 basic types of bones:
• long = compact
• short = spongy except surface
• flat = plates of compact enclosing spongy
• irregular = variable
• sesamoid = develop in tendons or ligaments (patella)
• Sutural bones = in joint between skull bones |
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Term
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Definition
Rickets
• calcium salts are not deposited properly
• bones of growing children are soft
• bowed legs, skull, rib cage, and pelvic deformities result
• Osteomalacia
• new adult bone produced during remodeling fails to ossify
• hip fractures are common |
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Term
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Definition
Only by appositional growth at the bone’s surface
• Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and form bony ridges and then a tunnel around periosteal blood vessel.
• Concentric lamellae fill in the tunnel to form an osteon.
Bone Growth in Length:
• Epiphyseal plate or cartilage growth plate
• cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate
• cartilage cells are destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side of plate
• Between ages 18 to 25, epiphyseal plates close.cells stop dividing and bone replaces the cartilage (epiphyseal line) |
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Term
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Definition
Decreased bone mass resulting in porous bones
• Those at risk
• white, thin menopausal, smoking, drinking female with family history
• athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat & decreased estrogen levels
• people allergic to milk or with eating disorders whose intake of calcium is too low
• Prevention or decrease in severity
• adequate diet, weight-bearing exercise, & estrogen replacement therapy (for menopausal women)
• behavior when young may be most important factor |
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Term
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Definition
Convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone
• Uniaxial like a door hinge
• Examples
• Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
• Movements produced
• flexion = decreasing the joint angle
• extension = increasing the angle
• hyperextension = opening the joint beyond the anatomical position |
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Definition
Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone & ligament
• Monoaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis |
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Definition
• Ball fitting into a cuplike depression
• Multiaxial
• flexion/extension
• abduction/adduction
• rotation |
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