Term
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Definition
| synthesis and decomposition reactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| catalytic proteins; works on substrate; not used up; like a lock and key |
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Term
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Definition
| number of molecules per second the enzyme can handle |
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Term
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Definition
| where the substrate fits into the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| where regulatory molecules attach to regulate activity of the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that must attach to the enzyme to make it work; often ions |
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Term
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Definition
| usually not proteins, referred to as vitamins |
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Term
| What factors control rates of reactions? |
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Definition
substrate concentration (higher, faster)
enzyme concentration (higher, faster)
pH (specific)
temperature (higher, faster) |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature at which the enzyme is denatured and the reaction is stopped |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical that causes denaturation of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
A-->B-->C-->D...(P)
every enzyme is critical |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular respiration (oxygen used) forms ATP |
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Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
5 carbon sugar
nitrogen base
3 phosphate groups |
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Term
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (38 ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
10 steps
Embden-Myerhoff pathway
only anaerobic organisms can live on just this process
2 pyruvates (2 ATP, 1 ACoA each)
1 ACoA --> 1 NADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
uses 5 NADH2 and 1 FADH2
19 ATP total per pyruvate
38 per glucose molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| group of cells that function together for a specific purpose |
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Term
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Definition
covers surfaces and body cavities
very thin to get oxygen
self-renewing
avascular (no blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
diffusion and filtration
kidneys, blood capillary walls, air sacs in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
protection
mouth, nasal cavity, skin
may have other types underneath |
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Term
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Definition
secretion/absorption
gland surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
strengthens walls of ducts
sweat glands, salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
passageways
may have microvilli in passageway (may absorb/secrete)(cilia move mucus)
respiratory |
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Term
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Definition
rare in humans
male urethra, female mammary gland |
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Term
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Definition
vascular
cells widely spaced (matrix materials)
provide support for organs
bind body parts together
protection and storage |
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Term
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Definition
large, flat, star-shaped
collagen |
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Term
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Definition
| crawl around, engulf bacteria or cellular debris |
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Term
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Definition
heparin (keep blood from coagulating)
histamines/histones (cause blood vessels to dilate) |
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Term
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Definition
areolar tissue
matrix contains large amounts of interstitial fluid |
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Term
| interstitial fluid contains... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interstitial fluid: white, resistant to pulling, flexible |
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Term
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Definition
| interstitial fluid: yellow, elastic |
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Term
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Definition
| interstitial fluid: lots of branches, proteins, give softness and flexibility to tissue |
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Term
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Definition
stores excess fats ("signet ring" cells)
modified fibroblasts
subcutaneous layer, insulates body
women have thicker layer |
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Term
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Definition
collagenous
matrix: dense network of collagen
fibroblasts
silvery white
tendons, ligaments |
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Term
| elastic connective tissue |
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Definition
yellowish because of elastin fibers
chondrocytes
walls of lungs, urinary bladder, large arteries |
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Term
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Definition
matrix: dense network of collagen and elastin
chondrocytes and fibroblasts
strength and flexibility
between joints, branches of respiratory system, vertebral column, nose, ears |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| types of connective tissues |
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Definition
loose
adipose
dense
elastic
cartilage
bone
blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
capable of contraction
function: movement, posture, heat production |
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Term
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Definition
muscles attached to bones
striated
voluntary control
cells are long and cylindrical
length of muscle, multinucleated, fast response, short refractory period |
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Term
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Definition
| alternating dark and light bands on muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| period of time before muscle relaxes after contracting |
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Term
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Definition
| held in contracted state by sending nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
walls of hollow internal organs (stomach, bladder, uterus)
smooth muscle (unstriated)
involuntary
cells are spindle shaped
single nucleus, slower response, long refractory period, can still go into tetanus contraction |
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Term
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Definition
only in walls of the heart
striated
involuntary
doesn't need nerve impulses to contract
cells are rectangular, single nucleus, intercalated disks between cells
slow response
long refractory period, can not go into tetanic contraction |
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Term
| types of nervous tissue cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
excitable cells
carry nerve impulses
"functional units" |
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Term
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Definition
nonexcitable cells
support and protect nervous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
brain, spinal cord
regulate, control, and coordinate
throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mediators of inflammation
chemical substances that release symptoms of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath skin or in a cavity that produces swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| thick, yellowish-white fluid, excess fluids, dead blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| replacing dead or damaged cells with new ones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| important for tissue repair |
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Definition
nutrition
blood circulation
age |
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Term
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Definition
new cells are the same type as destroyed cells (parenchymal cells) "perfect healing"
very shallow, not past epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
new type of cell replaces dead cells
scar tissue ALWAYS formed
fibroblasts
usually some loss of function
very deep, past epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
epithelial membranes
NOT cell membranes
2 layers: epithelial above connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
serous
mucous
synovial
cutaneous |
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Term
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Definition
line internal body cavities
secrete _____ fluid
lubricate surfaces
minimize friction |
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Term
|
Definition
secrete _____
various passageways
have an opening to the external of the body
thicker than serous fluid |
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Term
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Definition
form inner lining of joint cavities
secretes _____ fluid
lubricates bones at the joint |
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Term
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Definition
skin/integument
covers outer surface of body |
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Term
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Definition
consists of skin and structures derived from skin (hair, nails, skin glands)
skin is the largest organ of the body (10% of body weight in the avg adult)
is 0.5mm-5mm thick, most of body is 1-2 mm thick |
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Term
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Definition
protection against water loss, microbial invasion, harmful UV rays
maintain temperature homeostasis (37-38 C, heat loss, sweat)
vitamin D synthesis (requires sunlight)
excretes sweat
keratin
melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| protein with water-proofing abilities, difficult for bacteria to get in |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes the chemical melanin to absorb UV radiation |
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Term
| structures of integumentary system |
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Definition
epidermis
dermis
adapose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
epithelial tissue
outermost
stratified 4-5 layers |
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Term
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Definition
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
(stratum lucidum)
stratum corneum |
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Term
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Definition
bottom layer of epidermis
aka stratum germinativum
continually renewing epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
prickly appearance because keratin is being produced
directly above stratum basale |
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Term
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Definition
granular appearance because keratin is being packed
directly above stratum spinosum |
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Term
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Definition
translucent
only found in palms and soles
packed with eleidin
directly above stratum granulosum |
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Term
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Definition
hardened, dead cells
continually being replaced
topmost layer of epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
produced in stratum basale
found only in bottom two layers of epidermis
protects body from UV radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| large amounts of matrix materials (collagen and elastin) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
region of dermis
pili hold in place
contains blood vessels and nerve receptors |
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Term
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Definition
reticulin makes skin soft
receptors give sensation to pressure |
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Term
| structures derived from skin |
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Definition
hair
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
nails |
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Term
|
Definition
protection
contained in follicle
arrector pili muscles - "goosebumps"
composed of dead epidermal cells
flat scale-like, more keratin |
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Term
|
Definition
bundles of smooth muscle that contract to pull the hair up straight
"goosebumps" |
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Term
|
Definition
one for each hair follicle
secrete sebum into follicle
prevents hair from drying out and being brittle
has antibacterial properties |
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Term
|
Definition
suderiferous glands
eccrine
apocrine
contains water, salt, and some waste material
brain sends messages |
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Term
|
Definition
coil tube deep in dermis
most numerous in forehead, back, palms, and soles |
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Term
|
Definition
groin and armpit areas
comes up the hair
inactive until puberty
characteristic odors for sexual attraction; active during sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
composed of dead cells
heavily keratinized
grow about 1 mm/wk on fingers, toes are slower
protects ends of fingers and toes
aid in grasping small objects (needles, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
temperature is too high
enzymes will denature |
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Term
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Definition
temperature is too low
processes will slow and lead to organ and heart failure |
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Term
|
Definition
skeletal muscles and heart are main sources
dermal vasodilation
suderiferous glands (sweat)
dermal vasoconstriction
skeletal muscles (shivering) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| causes blood vessels to dilate, promoting heat loss |
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Term
|
Definition
| less blood flow to keep heat in |
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Term
|
Definition
radiation (infrared)
conduction
convection
evaporation |
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Term
|
Definition
| warmer to cooler from surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| warmer to cooler from cold air |
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Term
| evaporation (as heat loss) |
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Definition
the only method in which surroundings are warmer than our bodies
sweat |
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Term
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Definition
released by white blood cells
causes setting in hypothalamus to rise (fever) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
heat, radiation, electrical, chemical
1st degree (least harmful)
2nd degree
3rd degree (most harmful) |
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Term
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Definition
epidermal layers
only localized effects
"superficial partial thickness" burns |
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Term
|
Definition
epidermal and dermal damage
some cells still alive, rapid regeneration can occur
blisters always form
scarring may occur
"deep partial thickness" burns |
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Term
|
Definition
epidermis and dermis destroyed
"full thickness" burns
slow regeneration
disfiguring/disabling scars always form
dead cells need to be removed
body fluids need to be replaced
wounds may be covered with grafts or skin substitutes
very painful |
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Term
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Definition
affects parts of body far from burns
plasma and plasma proteins lost (shock)
bacteria can get in and spread
more susceptible to bacterial infections
blood circulation reduced
reduce urine production to retain water |
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Term
|
Definition
result from bacterial, viral or yeast infections
some are genetic
some the source is unknown
skin cancers are common
acne
carbuncles
cold sores
psoriasis
skin cancers |
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Term
|
Definition
inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands
begins at puberty
overactive sebaceous gland gets plugged and debris forms (blackhead)
cyst forms from infection, pinching can cause permanent scars |
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Term
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Definition
severe compound boils
spreads down into subcutaneous layer
most commonly due to bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
small, itchy, fluid-filled blisters
mostly around lips
caused by virus herpes simplex (remains dormant until activated by stress or a cold)
contagious once active
never really leaves |
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Term
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Definition
chronic
reddened patches on skin with silvery scales
scalp, back, elbows, knees
too much mitotic activity
may be hereditary
triggered by trauma/emotional stress |
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Term
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Definition
overexposure to harmful UV radiation
takes long time to appear
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma |
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Term
|
Definition
least deadly, most common skin cancer
cells no longer produce keratin
spreads into dermis
starts as shiny, dome-shaped nodule on surface, very slow growing
easily cured by surgical removal |
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Term
|
Definition
skin cancer in stratum spinosum
scaly red elevation on surface of skin
causes shallow depression, looks like a sore
grows more rapidly
spreads to lymph nodes and elsewhere
removed surgically
can kill you if ignored |
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Term
|
Definition
only 6% of all skin cancers
begins with a melanocyte that has been altered
appears as round black patch on skin
resembles a mole except for rough edges and mixture of colors
spreads rapidly |
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