Term
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Definition
| respiration, nutrition, waste elimination, thermoregulation, immune defense, acid-base balance, water balance, internal communication |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue w/ plasma and formed elements |
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Term
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Definition
| include RBC (erythrocytes),platetelets, and WBC (leukocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| viscosity of blood and osmolarity (regulates passage of materials into and out of blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| complex mixture (92% water) of proteins, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, and gases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Abundant nitrogenous Waste: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| albumins, globulins, fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose, amino acids, fats, cholesterol, phospholipids, vitamins, minerals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Production of formed elements of blood, stimulatory chemicals (hormone) |
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Term
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Definition
| begins w/ pluripotent stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| produces erythrocytes @ rate of 2.5 million cells per second. Iron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Platelet production ( thrombopoiesis): |
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Definition
| hemocytoblast; megakaryoblast develops into a huge megakaryocyte which breaks up into platelets. |
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Term
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Definition
| carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and return carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| dics- shaped w/ exterior glycoprotiens and glycolipids conferring blood type. |
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Term
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Definition
| lose most of organelles and use oxygen that r meant to transmit elsewhere. they carry on anaerobic fermentation indefinitely. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3 cytoplasm, hemoglobin; which carries most oxygen and carbon dioxide transported by blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid diffusion of gases throughout the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists globins, conjugated w/ nonprotien heme group that binds oxygen to ferrous ion @ its center. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transported bound to globin portion of hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| higher in men 4.6-6.2 million _ women 4.2- 5.4 million |
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Term
| Difference between sexes: |
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Definition
| male androgens stimulate RBC production production, women have menstrual cycles, and hematocrit is inversely proportional to body fat, which is usually higher in women. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| spleen traps and destroys old cells. rupture of RBCs, which releases hemoglobin. |
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Term
| Globin Portion of hemoglobin: |
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Definition
| hydrolyzed to amino acids, which are refused. the heme portion has its iron removed and recycled or stored. |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer of myeloid tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by lung damage, high altitude, or other factors leading to hypoxia (not recieving enough oxygen) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hemorrhage, hemolysis, inadequate erythropoiesis (usually nutritional). |
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Term
| Sickle-cell Anemia and Thalassemia: |
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Definition
| hereditary disorders affecting hemoglobin. |
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Term
| Sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS): |
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Definition
| caused by recessive allele |
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Term
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Definition
| among people of Mediterranean descent, and is characterized by defenciency of alpha or beta chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| type A has type A agglutinogens on the surface of its RBCs, and anti-B agglutinins in its plasma. Type B has type B agglutinogens and anti-A agglutinins. Type AB has both agglutinogens but no agglutinins while type O has no agglutinogens but both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins. |
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Term
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Definition
| any Rh agglutinogens is present on RBCs the person is Rh positive, if none are present person is Rh negative. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| granules (reddish/violet) contain lysosome, peroxidase, other antimicrobial agents. function in phagocytosis of bacteria and release of antimicrobial agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| granules that stain orange-pink, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals and they release enzymes to destroy worms. |
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Term
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Definition
| granules that stain purple release histamine (a vasodilator), heparin (anticoagulant) thereby increasing blood flow into an area and promoting mobility of other WBCs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secrete antibodies (B cells), destro forgein or cancer cells (T cells), coordinate aactions of other imune cells (helper T cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| largest formed elements, differentiate into macrophages that in turn phagocytize forgein particles and debris and activate other cells of immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hogher than average count (leukocytosis): |
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Definition
| indicates an infection, allergy, dehyudration, or emotional disturbance. |
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Term
| More useful count is a differential WBC count: |
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Definition
| identifies the relative abundance of each type of white cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates a bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates allergies or parasites. |
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Term
| Extraordinarily High Number of WBCs: |
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Definition
| characteristics of leukemia or cancer of hemopoietic tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| count below normal range, seen in lead, mercury, arsenic poisoning such as infectious diseases as AIDS, influenza, measles, and mumps. |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated risk of infection an cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
| indocate allergies or parasites |
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Term
| Extraordinarily high number of WBCs: |
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Definition
| characteristics of leukemia, or cancer of cancer of the hemopoietic tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| count below the normal range, seen in lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning; such as infectious diseases as AIDS, influenza, measles, and mumps. |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated risk of infection and cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete procoagulants or clotting factors; normal count range for platelets range 130,000-400,000. |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete groeth factors that stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts, smooth muscle, help maintain linings of blood vessels; secrete vasoconstrictors that cause vascular spasms in broken vesssels. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood clots that have outlasted their usefulness. |
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Term
| Platelets phagocytize and destroy bacteria: |
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Definition
| secrete chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to inflammed areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| most immediate protection against blood loss; prompt constriction of broken vessel is triggered by nervous impluses (pain pathway), by injury to smooth muscle w/ the vessel wall, and by serotonin (vasoconstrictor) from platelets. |
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Term
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Definition
| stop minor bleeding; platelets undergo degranulation as they aggregate, releasing substances that promote hemostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| most effective method hemostasis, most omplex over 30 chemical reactions. |
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Term
| Objective of Coagulation: |
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Definition
| convert solunle fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, sticky protien adheres walls of vessel. blood cells and platelets get stuck in net of fibrin stopping blood loss. |
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Term
| Two Reaction Pathways to coagulation: |
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Definition
| extrinsic mechanism, clotting factors released by damaged blood vessel and intrinsic mechanism initiated factors are found in plasma or platelets (clots). |
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Term
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Definition
| clotting factors; produced in liver, activates the next, in turn activates another, and so on. |
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Term
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Definition
| cuts fibrinogen in fibrin which polymerizes form the web-like matrix of clot. |
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Term
| Completion of coagulation: |
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Definition
| blood clot id dissolved by enzyme plasmin. |
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Term
| Prevention of inappropriate coagulation: |
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Definition
| platelet repulsion (prostacyclin), dilution of thrombin, anticoagulants, such as antithrombin and heparin. |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of factor VIII from victoria affecting 1 out of 5000 males 83% of hemophilia cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of factor IX 1 out of 30000 males. |
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Term
| Most coagulation disorders: |
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Definition
| form of unwanted blood clot (thrombosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiovascular system transports blood throughout body |
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Term
| Cardiovascular system teo major divisions: |
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Definition
| pulmonary circuit: serves lungs systemic circuit: supplies blood to remainder of body. right side sends to pulmoary circuit left side sends to systemic circuit. |
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Term
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Definition
| center of thoracic cavity in mediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed double-walled sac for heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| tough, fibrous layer of dense connective tissue w/ thin, smooth, moist serous layer |
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Term
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Definition
| base of heart, forming visceral pericardium covering heart surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| space bwtn perietal and visceral percardia; contains parietal fluid that lubricates membranes and allows heart to beat w/out friction |
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Term
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Definition
| epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| serous membrane overlying thin layer areolar tissue has thick deposits adipose tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| composed cardiac muscle forms bulk of heart. performs work muscle fibers r bound 2gether by fibrous skeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| provide support for heart, give muscles something to pull against, limits routes which electrical activity can travel through heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| layer endothelium overlying thin layer areolar tissue; forms smooth inner lining of chambers and valves and is continiousw/ endothelium of blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| recieve blood flowing to heart, has small ear-like extension called auricle slightly increases its volume |
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Term
| two inferior chambers left and right ventricles: |
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Definition
| pump blood into srteries for distribution elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
| atrioventricular sulcus, anterioir and posterior interventricular sulci, interatrial septum, interventricular septum |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent back flow of blood in heart |
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Term
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Definition
| guards opening from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| gueards opening from left ventricle to aorta. |
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Term
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Definition
| moonlike shape their 3 cusps |
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Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) valve: |
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Definition
| guards opening btwn each atrium and ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bicupsid valve mitral valve: |
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Definition
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Term
| String-like chordae tendineae: |
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Definition
| attach valve cusps to papillary muscles |
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Term
| Opening and closing heart valves: |
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Definition
| result of pressure gradients from one side of cusps to other |
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Term
| Blood flow through myocardium: |
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Definition
| 5% output its own needs, myocardium has extensive ot coronary arteries to ensure adequate blood supply to itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| first branches off aorta are right and left coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies blood to left side of heart and divides anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies blood to right side of heart and divides marginal and posterior interventricular arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| any coronary arteries become occluded w/plaque, portion of heart muscle dies from lack of blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| route by which blood leaves an organ, blood leaving capillaries collects small veins merge form larger veins. lead great cardiac veins drain anterior aspect of heart, middle cardiac vein collects blood posterior aspect of heart. |
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Term
| Great and middle cardiac veins: |
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Definition
| drain into cardiac sinus that empties into right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| greater wen ventricles conracting than it is wen they relax |
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Term
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Definition
| flow is greater wen ventricles relax |
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Term
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Definition
| complete seperation pulmonary and systemic circuits achieved in birds,mammals,few reptiles. |
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Term
| Cardiac muscle cells (myocytes): |
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Definition
| differ from skeletal muscles they r short, thick, braching cells that have one nucleus. |
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Term
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): |
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Definition
| less developed lacks terminal cisternae but T tubules are larger than skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounded by connective tissue endo,mysium which allows access to blood capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| three distinct features: plasma membranes of adjacent cells display interdigitating folds; cells tightly joined by desmosomes; gap junctions btwn cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| more vulnerable to oxygen deficiency than it is to lack of fuel |
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Term
| Heart muscle is not prone to fatigue: |
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Definition
| it makes lil use of anaerobic fermentation or oxygen debt mechanism |
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Term
| Vertebrate hearts are myogenic: |
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Definition
| pacemaker is in heart itself autonomic nervous system can only modify heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| autorhythmic make up cardiac conduction system |
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Term
| cardiac conduction system controls: |
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Definition
| route and timing of electrical conduction four chambers must contract coordinated fashion. |
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Term
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Definition
| failure part of cardiac conduction system to transmit signals |
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Term
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Definition
| normal heartbeak generated by SA node |
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Term
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Definition
| regions other than SA node fire spontaneously |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Autorhythmic cells of SA node: |
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Definition
| Resiting potential taht starts at -60V and then drifts upward |
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Term
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Definition
| -40mV fast calcium channels open and calcium rushes in |
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Term
|
Definition
| K rushes out of cell cytosol becomes negative creating falling phase action potential |
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Term
| Repolarization is complete: |
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Definition
| k channels close again pacemaker potential begins anew. |
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Term
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Definition
| exhibit potentials differ than neurons or skeletal muscle. they have stable RMP depolarze only wen stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| sparse SR release of supplemantal calcium ions from ECF |
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Term
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Definition
| absolute refractory period 250msec compared w/1-2 msec skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| amplifies electrical currents in heart detected by recording electrodes on skin produces ECG |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| marks ventricular depolarization atrial repolarization also occurs at same time |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular repo;arization immediately defore diastole |
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Term
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Definition
| one complete cycle of contraction and relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| atrial systole, ventricualar systole, ventricualr diastole, quiescent period |
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Term
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Definition
| measured by observing how high it can push column of mercury up a manometer |
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Term
|
Definition
| measured w/ sphygmomanometer |
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Term
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Definition
| cause alternate opening and closing of heart valves |
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Term
|
Definition
| heard through stethoscope closing of valve and turbulence of blood against inner heart wall |
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Term
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Definition
| volume pumped by each maximum and resting cardiac output |
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Term
| Positive and Negative chronotropic agents |
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Definition
| agents that raise and lower heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| alter stroke volume of ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| adult 64-72 in males 72-80 in females infant 120 or more |
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Term
|
Definition
| persistent resting heart rate above 100 bpm |
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Term
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Definition
| input recieved from proprioceptors, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, can adjust heart rate accodingly |
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Term
| cardiac center is divided: |
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Definition
| into cardioacceleratory center and cardioinhibitory center that connect by nerves to SA node |
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Term
| Sympathetic neurotransmitter: |
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Definition
| adrenal gland hormones accelerate heart rate can arousal stress |
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Term
| Chemicals that lower heart rate: |
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Definition
| include sodium (hypernatremia) and potassium (hyperkalemia) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases heart rate and lead to cardiac arrest |
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Term
|
Definition
| preload, contractility, afterload |
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Term
|
Definition
| ventriccular ,yocardium immediately before it begins to contract called preload |
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Term
| Frank- Starling law of heart: |
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Definition
| ventricles tend to pump out all blood that entered them |
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Term
| Contractility of myocardium: |
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Definition
| its strength of contraction for a given preload |
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Term
| Negative inotropic agents: |
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Definition
| include myocardial hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, barbiturates |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood pressure in arteries just outside semilunar valves |
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