Term
| blood plays a role in what processes in the body? |
|
Definition
| respiration, nutrition, waste elimination, thermoregulation, immune defense, acid-base balance, water balance, and internal communication. |
|
|
Term
| blood is a connective tissue with ______________ and _____________________. |
|
Definition
| plasma and formed elements |
|
|
Term
| formed elements include ____________, ____________, and __________________. |
|
Definition
| erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two especially notable properties of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the complex mixture of plasma made of?? |
|
Definition
| (92% water) proteins, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, and gases. |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundant solute by weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three major plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
| albuins, vitamins, and minterals. |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundant nitrogeous waste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the nutrients carried in the plasma? |
|
Definition
| glucose, amino acids, fats, cholesterol, phospholipids, vitamins, and minerals. |
|
|
Term
| the most abundant electrolyte in plasma is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the production of formed elements of the blood |
|
|
Term
| where does hemopoiesis begin and continue as a infant? |
|
Definition
| begins in the embryonic yolk sac and continues in the fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus. |
|
|
Term
| from infancy onward, hemopoiesis occurs where? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow (myeloid hemopoiesis) and lymphoid tissue (lymphoid hempoiesis) |
|
|
Term
| what are the pluripotent stem cells that begin hemopoiesis called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erthropoiesis produces erythorocytes at the rate of _______________ cells per second. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hormone called that stimulates proeyrthroblasts to become erythroblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is one of the nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the iron needed in erythropoiesis essential for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is dietary Fe3+ converted to Fe2+ by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the production of white blood cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do circulating leukocytes remin in the bloodstream for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do leukocytes spend most of their life? |
|
Definition
| in other tissues besides the blood. |
|
|
Term
| what does thrombopoiesis begin as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in response to _________________, the megakaryoblast develops into a huge megakaryocyte which breaks up into platelets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the funtion of erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| to carry oxygen fro the lungs to the tssues and to return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| what are disc shaped with exterior glycoproteins and glucolipids conferring blood type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during development, rbcs lose most of their ________________ and use soe of the oxygen they are meant to transmit elsewhere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can also crry on anaerobic fermentation indefinitely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about 1/3 of the cytoplasm of a rbc contains ___________, which carries most of the oxygen and carbon dioxide transported by the blood. |
|
Definition
hemoglobin
negative mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what allows the rapid diffusion of gases throughout the rbc cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four protein chains in hemoglobin caled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ach chain is conjugated with a _______________________________ that binds oygen to a ferrous ion at its center. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carbon dioxide is transported bound to the _______ portion of the hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rbc count is higher in men, with ____________ million rbcs per mm3 and 4.2-5.4 million per mm3 in women. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some of the reasons for the differences between rbc count? |
|
Definition
male androgens stimulate rbc production
women have menstraul cycles
hematocrit is inversely proportional to body fat, which usually is higher in women |
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes circulate for _____ days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ traps and destroys old cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rupture of rbcs, which releases hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| during hemolysis, what is the globin portion of hemoglobin hydrolyzed into? |
|
Definition
| amino acids, which are reused. |
|
|
Term
| during hemolysis, what happens to the heme portion? |
|
Definition
| the iron is removed and recycled or stored. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too many rbcs in the body |
|
|
Term
| _____________ polycythemia is due to cancer of the myeloid (bone marrow) tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ polycyhemia is caused by lung damage, high altitute, or other factors leading to hypoxia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three general causes of anemia? |
|
Definition
| hemorrhage, hemolysis and inadequate erythropoiesis (usually nutritional) |
|
|
Term
| sickle-cell anemia and thalassemia are _________________________________. |
|
Definition
| hereditary disorders affecting hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS) differs from normal hemoglobin (HbA) and is caused by a ____________ allele. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ is seen among people of mediterranean descent, and is characterized by a deficiency of alpha or beta chains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are antigens of rbcs called that determine blood type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are agglutinogens given their name? |
|
Definition
| because of their role in agglutination (clumping together) during mismatched blood transfusions. |
|
|
Term
| what are the plasma antibodies that react against agglutinogens called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incompatibility of one person's blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against ______________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four ABO blood types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type A blood has type A _________________ on the surface of its rbcs, and ______________ in its plasma. |
|
Definition
| A antiglutinogens, anti-b agglutinins |
|
|
Term
| type b blood has type _______________________ and ______________________ in its plasma. |
|
Definition
| B agglutinogens, anti-A agglutinins |
|
|
Term
| type AB has both ___________________ but no ___________________. |
|
Definition
| agglutinogens, agglutinins. |
|
|
Term
| type O has no _______________________ but both _________________________________________-. |
|
Definition
| agglutinogens, both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins. |
|
|
Term
| if any of the Rh ____________________ is present on the rbcs, the person is Rh positive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if no Rh agglutinogens are present, the person is Rh ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when an Rh+ woman is carrying and Rh+ fetus, the mother will develop antibodies against the Rh group following childbirth. The first fetus will go unharmed, but when a second Rh+ begins to grow, the mother's antibodies will cause severe anemia in the infant, called ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can hemolytic disease of the newborn be prevented? |
|
Definition
| administering a Rh immune globulin injection (RhoGam or Gamulin) around 28-32 weeks gestation and at birth in an pregnancy in which mother is Rh- and father is Rh+. |
|
|
Term
| at least ___ other blood groups are known, but most do not cause transfusion reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ play a role in the body's immune response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are less numerous than rbcs and are short lived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the five types of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| which leukocytes are granulocytes? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
|
|
Term
| which leukocytes are agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| ___________ have granules (reddish to violet) that contain lysozyme, peroxidase, and other antimicrobial agents. they function in the phagocytosis of bacteria and release of antimicrobial agents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ have granules that stain orange pink. they also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals, and they release enzymes to destroy worms. |
|
Definition
| eosinophils (normally 2 lobed) |
|
|
Term
| __________ have coarse granules that stain purple. they release histamine(a vasodilator) and heparin (an anticoagulant), thereby increasing blood flow into an area and promoting the mobility of other wbcs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ secrete antibodies (b cells) that destroy foreign or cancer cells (t cells), or coordinate actions of other immune cells (helper T cells). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ are the largest of the formed elements. these cells differentiate into macrophages that in turn, phagocytize foreign particles and debris and active other cells of the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the usual total wbc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a higher than average wbc count (leukocytosis) indicate? |
|
Definition
| infection, allergy, dehydration, or emotional disturbance. |
|
|
Term
| a more useful count is a _______________ WBC count, which identifies the relative abundance of each type of white cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a high ____________ count indicates a bacterial infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| numerous _______________ indicate allergies or parasites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an extraordinarily high number of wbcs is characteristic of _________, or cancer of the hemopoietic tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a below normal range of WBC count called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is leukopenia seem most in? |
|
Definition
| lead, mercory, and arsenic poisoning; and such infectious diseases as AIDS, influenza, measles, and mumps. |
|
|
Term
| ____________ presents an elevated risk of infection and cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the hemostatic mechanism to stop bleeding, wht are the 3 types? |
|
Definition
| vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. |
|
|
Term
| ___________ secrete procoagulants or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal range for platelets? |
|
Definition
| 130,000 - 400,000 per ul. |
|
|
Term
| platelets secret growth factors that stimulate mitosis in ___________ and smooth muscle, and help maintain linings of blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets secrete _____________ that cause vascular spasms in broken vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets phagocytize and destroy bacteria, and secrete chemicals that attract _________ and _____________ to inflamed areas |
|
Definition
| neutrophils and monocytes. |
|
|
Term
| platelets dissolved _______________ that have outlasted their usefulness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most immediate protection against blood loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the prompt constriction of a broken vessel is triggered by nervous impulses, by injury to the smooth muscle within the vessel wall, and by ____________ from platelets. |
|
Definition
| serotonin (a vasoconstrictor) |
|
|
Term
| why won't platelets adhere to the endothelium of undamaged blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| the vessels are coated with prostacyclin, a platelet repellent. |
|
|
Term
| when a vessel is injured, _________ fibers in its wall are exposed, causing platelets to stick to them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets extend spiny __________ that adhere to the broken vessel; these contract and draw the walls of the vessel together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets extend spiny __________ that adhere to the broken vessel; these contract and draw the walls of the vessel together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as more platelets join in, a ________________ forms which can stop minor bleeding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets undergo ________________ as they aggregate, releasing substances that promote hemostatis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______________ is the most effective method of hemostatis, and the most complex releasing over ____ chemical reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the object of coagulation? |
|
Definition
| to convert soluable fibrinogen into soluable fibrin, a stick protein that adheres to the walls of a vessel. |
|
|
Term
| as coagulation occurs, blood cells and platelets get stuck in the net of _________, stopping blood loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two reaction pathways to coagulation are the _______________ and _____________ mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiated by factors tht are found only in blood plasma or platelets (such as clots) |
|
|
Term
| what are clotting factors called and where are they produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one ________ activates the next, which in turn activates another factor, and so on, in a reaction cascade. |
|
Definition
|
|
