Term
| DEFINE HEMATOCRIT VALUES BY SEX |
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Definition
AVERAGE - 45%
MALES - 46%
FEMALES - 42% |
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Term
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Definition
| HB-A IS THE NORMAL HEMOGLBIN IN ADULTS |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF JAUNDICE? |
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Definition
THE COLLECTION OF BULIRUBIN UNDER THE SKIN AND SCLERA
BODY IS BREAKING DOWN RBC FASTER THAN THEY ARE ELIMATED FROM THE BODY |
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Term
| DEFINE HEMATOPOIESIS? WHERE DOES IT OCCUR IN THE BODY? |
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Definition
THIS IS THE PRODUCTION OF BLOOD CELLS
THESE "STEM CELLS" ARE FOUND IN RED BONE MARROW |
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Term
1-ERYTHROPOESIS?
2-LEUKOPOIESIS? |
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Definition
1 - PRODUCTION OF RBCS
2- PRODUCTION OF WBCS |
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Term
| RBCS, MONOCYTES AND GRANULOCYTES ARE PRODUCED IN _____? |
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Definition
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Term
| LYPMPHOCYTES ARE PRODUCED IN ____? |
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Definition
ALSO IN BONE MARROW
THEY MUST FIRST HOWEVER GO TO THE LYMPHOID TISSUE BEFORE BECOMING FUNCTIONAL |
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Term
| WHAT ARE HEMATOPEITIC STEM CELLS? |
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Definition
| THESE ARE YOUNG IMMATURE CELLS FOUDN IN RED BONE MARROW |
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Term
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Definition
| THE SPECIFIC NAME GIVEN TO THE STEM CELLS FOUND IN BONE MARROW |
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Term
| WHAT DO HEMATOCYTOBLASTS MATURE INTO? |
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Definition
| MYELOID AND LYMPHOID STEM CELLS |
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Term
| NAME THE SIX TYPES OF CELLS THAT MYELOID STEM CELLS DEVIDE INTO |
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Definition
PORERYTHOBLASTS
EOSINOPHILIC MYELOBLASTS
BASOPHILIC MYELOGBLASTS
MYELOBLASTS
MONOBLASTS
MEGAKARYOBLASTS |
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Term
| WHAT DO LYMPHOID STEM CELLS DIVIDE INTO? |
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Definition
T-LYMPHOBLASTS = MAKE T-CELLS
B-LYMPHOBLASTS = MAKE B-CELLS |
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Term
| HOW MANY DAYS DOES IT TAKE TO PRODUCE AN RBC? |
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Definition
3-5 DAYS
PROCESS IS KNOWN AS ERYTHROPOEIS |
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Term
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Definition
| PORERYTHOBLAST - THIS IS A TYPICAL CELL WITH ORGANELLS |
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Term
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Definition
| EARLY BASOPHILIC ERYTHROBLAST |
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Term
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Definition
| LATE OR POLYCHROMATOPHILIC ERYTHROBLAST |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
THIS IS DAY 5-7 OF RBC PRODUCTION
THIS CELL ENTERS THE BLOOD
THIS CELL HAS A NUCLEUS THAT LATER IS SHED |
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Term
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Definition
THIS IS A RETICULOCYTE THAT HAS SHED IT'S NUCLEUS
THIS CAUSES THE RBC TO HAVE IT'S CONCAVE SHAPE |
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Term
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Definition
| LOW RETIC COUNT (RETICULOCYTE) |
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Term
| HIGH RETIC COUNT IS CAUSED BY _____? |
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Definition
| PREVIOUS BLOOD LOSS OR CORRECTION OF ANEMIA |
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Term
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Definition
THIS IS HORMONE CALLED ERYTHROPOEITIN
IT IS SECRETED BY THE KIDNEYS AND INCREASES HEMATACRIT BY STIMULATING RBC PRODUCTION. IT WORKS TO REGULATE AND MAINTAIN HEMATOCRIT WNL |
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Term
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Definition
| PARENT CELL THAT GIVES RISE TO ALL OTEHR BLOOD CELLS |
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Term
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Definition
| FATIGUE, PALENESS, SOB, CHILLS |
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Term
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Definition
NUTRITIONAL - CAUSED BY NOT ENOUGH FE IN DIET
FE IS NECESSARY FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF HB
THE PROPER AMT OF HB CANNOT BE GENERATED IF ENOUGH FE IS NOT AVAILABLE = LOW H&H |
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Term
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Definition
CAUSED BY VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
B12 NECESSARY FOR METABLOISM AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. LOW B12 RESULTS IN LOW HB PRODUCTION |
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Term
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Definition
CAUSED BY PROBLEMS IN BONE MARROW SUCH AS TUMOR, RADIATION, CHEMICALS
THIS IN TURN DESTROYS HEMATOCYTOLBLASTS WHICH MAKE ALL BLOOD CELLS |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DANGER OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA? |
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Definition
| ALONG WITH RBCS, THE WBCS AND PLATELETS ARE REDUCES (EX CHEMOTHERAPY). THIS IN TURN LOWER DEFENSES AND LEADS TO BLEEDING DISORDERS |
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Term
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Definition
CAUSED BY THE BREAKDOWN OF RBCS DUE TO INFECTION, BLOOD MISMATCH OR WRONG IV FLUIDS.
DECREASE O2 CARRYING CAPCITY OF RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| THIS TYPE OF ANEMIA IS CAUSED BY BLOOD LOSS. |
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Term
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Definition
HBs = DEFECTIVE HEMAGLOBIN WHICH CHANGES THE SHAPE OF THE RBC TO SICKLE-SHAPED
SICKLED CELLS BREAK EASILY, GET CAUGHT IN BLOOD VESELS (CAUSING JOINT PAIN) AND CARRY LESS O2. |
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Term
| WHERE IS SICKLE CELL ANEMIA MOST COMMON? |
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Definition
THE MALARIA BELT
BECUAUSE THE SAME GENE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST MALARIA, IS THE SAME THAT CAUSES SICKLING OF RBCS |
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Term
| WHAT DOES AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE MEAN? |
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Definition
| PATIENT MUST INHERIT DEFECTIVE GENE FROM BOTH PARENTS TO PRODUCE THE CONDITION |
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Term
| HOW DOES THALASEMIA AFFECT THE BODY? |
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Definition
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE GENE
CAUSES AND INABILITY TO PRODUCE ADEQUATE AMTS OF ALPHA AND BETA CHAIN, THERBY RESULTING IN A REDUCED RATE OF RBC PRODUCTION |
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Term
| DEFENTIATE BETWEEN ALPHA VS BETA THALASEMIA |
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Definition
ALPHA = DECREASED ALPHA CHAIN PRODUCTION
BETA = DECREASED BETA CHAIN PRODUCTION |
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Term
| POYCYTHEMIA IS AKA AS ________, WITH A HEMATOCRIT LEVEL OF _________ |
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Definition
ERYTHROCYTOSIS
HEMATOCIT > 55% |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE DANGERS OF POLYCYTHEMIA? |
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Definition
INCREASED VISCOCITY OF BLOOD = SLUGGISH
ELEVATED BP (BLOOD HARDER TO MOVE THROUGH BV)
INCREASED CHANCE OF BLOOD CLOT |
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Term
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Definition
RBC ARE REMOVED AND STORED A MONTH BEFORE EVENT - CAUSING ANEMIA
RBC ARE REINJECTED FEW DAYS BEFORE EVENT - CAUSING POLYCYTHEMIA
ALLOWS FOR INCREASED O2 AND ENDURANCE FOR ATHLETE |
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Term
| WHY IS BLOOD DOPING DANGEROUS? |
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Definition
| CAN CAUSE SUDDEN DEATH EX CLOT TO BRAIN |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE NUMBER OF WBCS PER MICROLITER OF BLOOD? |
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Definition
| 5000 - 10,000 PER MICROLITER |
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Term
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Definition
| THEY ARE THE ONLY COMPLETE BLOOD CELL IE. THE ONLY CELLS WITH NUCLEUS+ORGANELLS |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF WBCS? |
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Definition
| PROVIDES PROTECTION, IMMUNITY, PROMOTES INFLAMATION |
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Term
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Definition
PROCESS OF EMIGRATION FOR WBCS
WBCS CIRCULATE IN THE BLOOD BUT FUNCTION OUTSIDE THE BLOOD. THEY TRAVEL TO AREAS OF INFECTION AND DAMAGE BY WAY OF THIS PROCESS. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE WRIGHT'S STAIN? |
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Definition
| STAIN USED TO STAIN BLOOD SLIDE TO DEFENTIATE BETWEEEN THE TWO TYPES OF WBCS (GRANULOCYTES AND AGRANULOCYTES) |
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Term
| THE TWO TYPES OF WBCS ARE ____ AND ____ |
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Definition
| GRANULOCYTES AND AGRAULOCYTES |
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Term
| LIST THREE TYPES OF GANULOCYTES |
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Definition
BASOPHILS
EOSINOPHILS
NEUTROPHILS |
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Term
| WHAT DOES "NLMEB" STAND FOR? |
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Definition
"NEVER LET MONEYS EAT BANANAS"
NEUTROPHILS
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS |
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Term
| DEFINE THE PERCENTAGE OF WBCS FOR EACH TYPE OF WBC |
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Definition
NEUTROPHILS = 50-70%
LYMPHOCYTES = 20-30%
MONOCYTES = 3-8%
EOSINOPHILS = 2-4%
BASOPIILS = 0.5-1% |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NEUTROPHILS? |
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Definition
MULTI-LOBULATED NUCLEUS (SAUSAGE LINK)
WHICH POLYMORPHS (MULTIPLE LOOKS)
GRANULES - VERY SMALL, PINK
FUNCTION = INCREASE DURING ACUTES INFECTIONS SUCH AS APPEDICITIS |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF EOSINOPHILS? |
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Definition
NUCLEUS = DARK BLUE, TWO LOBES
GRANULES = LARGE, ORGANGE COLORED, HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES THAT DESTROY PARASITES
FUNCTION = INCREASE DURING PARISITE INFECTION |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BASOPHILS? |
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Definition
NUCLEUS = HARD TO SEE BECAUSE COVERED BY GRANULES
GRANULES = VERY LARGE, BLUE COLOR, CONTAIN HISTAMINE
FUNCTION = INCREASE DURING ALLERGIC RX AND INFLAMATION |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF LYMPHOCYTES? |
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Definition
*THESE ARE SMALLEST WBCS - THEY ARE APPROX THE SAME SIZE AS AN RBC*
NUCLEUS= DARK BLUE, LARGE, ONLY THIN RIM OF CYTOPLASM IS SEEN
GRANULES = NONE, AGRANULOCYTE |
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Term
| HOW MANY TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES ARE THERE? WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION? |
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Definition
THREE TYPES = T , B AND NK CELLS
T CELLS = PROVIDER CELLULAR IMMUNITY, DESTROY FOREIGN AND DAMAGED CELLS
B CELLS = HUMORAL IMMUNITY, PRODUCE ANTIBODIES AGAINST SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
NK CELLS = "NATURAL KILLER" CELLS, NONSPECIFIC IN THIER ACTION, THEY DESTOY OTHER CELLS |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MONOCYTES? |
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Definition
MONOCYTES ARE THE LARGEST SIZED WBC
NUCLEUS = KIDNEY SHAPED, HAVE A FOAMY CYTOPLASM
GRANULES = NONE, AGRAULOCYTE
FUNCTION = LEAVE CELL TO ENTER TISSUE MACROPHAGE AND CARRY OUT PHAGOCYTOSIS |
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Term
| WHAT IS A DIFFERENTIAL BLOOD CELL COUNT (CBC DIFF)? |
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Definition
| THIS GIVES THE % (NOT THE NUMBER!!) OF EACH WBC. EVEN IF THE OVERALL WBC COUNT IS NORMAL, THE INDIVIDUAL PERCENTAGE MAY BE ABNORMAL, INDICATIVE OF SPECIFIC INFECTION |
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Term
| NEUTROPHIL HIGH COUNT INDICATES WHAT? |
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Definition
| ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTION, BURNS, STRESS OR INFLAMATION |
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Term
| A EOSINOPHIL HIGH COUNT INDICATES WHAT? |
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Definition
| PARASITIC INFECTION, ALLERGIC REACTION OR AUTO-IMMUNTE DISEASES |
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Term
| BASOPHIL HIGH COUNT INDICATES WHAT? |
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Definition
| ALLERGIC OR INFLAMATORY RX, LUKEMIA, CANCER, HYPERTYROIDISM |
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Term
| LYMPHOCYTE HIGH COUNT INDICATES WHAT? |
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Definition
| IMMUNE DISEASE, VIRAL INFECTION, LEUKEMIA |
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Term
| MONCYTE HIGH COUNT INDICATES WHAT? |
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Definition
| CHRONIC INFECTIONS - TB, LEUKEMIA |
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Term
|
Definition
REDUCED WBC COUNT OF <4000 PER MICOLITER OF BLOOD
*CAUSES DECREASED DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTION |
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Term
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Definition
| INCREASED WBC COUNT >11,000 PER MICROLITER OF BLOOD |
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Term
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Definition
THIS IS AN UNCONTROLLED WBC PRODUCTION, CANCEROUS
INCREASED NUMBER OF WBC TAKE UP TOO MUCH ROOM IN BLOOD, CAUSING DECREASED RBC PRODUCTION WITH ANEMIA, AND DECEASED PLATELETS WITH BLEEDING DIORDERS |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE PRIMARY DANGER ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA |
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Definition
| THE WBCS ARE BEING PRODUCED SO QUICKLY, THEY ARE IMMATURE. IMMATURE WBCS ARE NOT ABLE TO PROVIDE IMMUNITY, RESULTING IN DECREASED IMMUNE RESPONSE FOR THE PATIENT |
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Term
| WHAT IS LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA? |
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Definition
THIS IS A PROBLEM IN THE LYMPHATIC TISSUE.
PATIENT HAS VERY HIGH NUMBER OF LYMPHOCYTES (T, B AND NK CELLS) |
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Term
| WHAT IS MYLOID LEUKEMIA? WHERE DOES IT OCCUR? |
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Definition
THIS TYPE OF LUKEMIA AFFECTS THE BONE MARROW
PATIENT HAS A VERY HIGH NUMBER OF GRANULOCYTES (NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS,BASOPHILS) |
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Term
|
Definition
REDUCED PLATELET COUNT OF <100,000 PER MICROLITER OF BLOOD
RESULTS IN SPONTANEOUS BLEEDING AND BLEEDING DISORDERS |
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Term
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Definition
PLATELET COUNT >1 MILLION PER MICROLITER OF BLOOD
OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO INFLAMATION, INFECTION OR CANCER |
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Term
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Definition
OCCURS WHEN THE BODY CREATES ANTIBODIES AGAINST IT'S OWN PLATELETS
CAUSES SPONTANEOUS BLEEDING IN MULTIPLE LOCATIONS UNDER THE SKIN AND MUCUS MEMBRANES
EXACT CAUSE IS UNKNOW, MOST CASES ALLEGERIC RX |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE NORMAL VALUE OF PLATELETS ? |
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Definition
| 150,000 - 500,000 PER MICROLITER OF BLOOD |
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Term
| DECRIBE THE SIZE, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLATELETS |
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Definition
2-4 MICOMETER IN SIZE
LACK NUCLEI OR ORGNANELLS BECUASE THEY ARE FRAGMENTS (OF MEGAKARYOCYTES)
GRANULES - 4 TYPES, HELP WITH HOMEOSTATIS (STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING) |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE LIFESPAN OF A PLATELET? |
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Definition
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Term
| LIST THE TYPE AND FUNTION OF THE FOUR PLATELET GRANULES |
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Definition
SERATONIN - VASOCONSTRICTION
ADP - COLLECT PLATELETS TO INJURED SITE (AGGREGATES)
ACTOMYOSIN - HELPS SQUEEZE AND DESTROY CLOT AFTER FORMATION
PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR - STIMULATES REPAIN OF DAMAGED BV |
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Term
| WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? LIST THE THREE STEPS |
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Definition
INVOLVES CLOTTING FACTORS PRESENT IN BLOOD
3 STAGES = BV SPASM, PLATELET PLUG FORMATION, COAGULATION/CLOTTING |
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Term
| HOMEOSTASIS - VASCULAR SPASM |
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Definition
CAUSED BY SEROTONIN
FIRST STEP AFTER INJURY, NARROWS BV AND REDUCE BLOOD LOSS AT INJURY SITE.
PROVIDES TIME FOR NEXT STAGE |
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Term
| HOMEOSTASIS - PLATELET PLUG FORMATION |
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Definition
STEP #2 - PLATELETS ENLARGE AND GET STICKY. THEY STICK TO EACHOTHER TO FORM A PLUG TO TEMPORARILY SEAL OFF CUT
DEGRANULATION OCCURS, CAUSED BY RELEASE OF THROMBOXANE a2 BY THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE PLATELET |
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Term
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Definition
LOCAL ACTING HORMONE SECREETED BY THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF INJURED BV.
PROTOGLANDIN WHICH KEEPS THROMBOXANE A2 UNDER CONTROL, THERBY CONTROLLING THE SIZE THE THE PLATELET PLUG (AVOIDS BLOCKAGE OF BV BY PLUG) |
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Term
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Definition
AKA CLOTTING
LIQUID BLOOD IS CONVERTED TO GEL |
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Term
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Definition
NUMBERS I - XIII
PRODUCED IN LIVER (LIVE PROBLEMS = BLEEDING DIORDERS)
REMAIN INACTIVE UNTIL ACTIVEATED. THEY WORK IN A CASCADE FASHION |
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Term
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Definition
| REMAIN ACTIVE IN THE BLOOD TO KEEP BLOOD FLOWING UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES, PREVENTS CLOTS. |
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Term
| LIST THE THREE PRIMARY STEPS OF CLOTTING |
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Definition
1- PRODUCTION OF PROTHROMBINASE (PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR), CA+ ESSENTIAL
2-PRODUCTION OF THROMBIN
3-CONVERSION OF FIBRINOGEN(SOLUBLE PROTIEN) TO FIBRIN (INSOLUBLE PROTIEN) RESULTING IN CLOT FORMATION |
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Term
| HOW DOES FIBRIN CREATE A CLOT? |
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Definition
| FIBRIN THREADS MAKE A NETWORK TO CATCH BLOOD CELLS, THEREBY PRODUCING A CLOT |
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Term
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Definition
GETS HELP FROM STRUCTURES OUTSIDE THE BLOOD (TISSUE, BV)
FEWER STEPS THAN INTRINSIC PATHWAY
FASTER THAN INTRINSIC PATHWAY
USES TISSUE AND PLATELET THROMBOPLASTIN
END PRODUCT = PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR |
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Term
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Definition
INVOLVES FACTORS FOUND ALREADY IN BLOOD
HIGER NUMBER OF STEP AND SLOWER THAN EXTRINSIC PATHWAY
USES PLATELET THROMBOPLASTIN
END PRODUCT = PROTHOMBIN ACTIVATOR (SAME AS EXTRINSIC PATHWAY) |
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Term
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Definition
SYNERSIS
STABILIZES AND SHRINKS CLOT
ACTOMYSIN - SQUEEZES EXCESS FLUID OUT OF CLOT, REDUCING SIZE OF CLOT |
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Term
|
Definition
| DESTRUCTION OF CLOT WHEN BLEEDING HAS STOPPED (CLOT IS NO LONGE REQUIRED) |
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Term
|
Definition
PLASMINOGEN =INACTIVE, PLASMA PROTEIN FOUND IN CLOT
PLASMIN = AKA FIBRINOLYSIN, ACTIVATED PLASMINOGEN, ACTIVATED BY t-pa |
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Term
|
Definition
"TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR"
AKA - CLOT BUSTER
ACTIVATES PLASMNOGEN TO PLASMIN |
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Term
|
Definition
AKA FIBROLYSIN
DISSOLVES FIBRIN NETWORK AND CLOT |
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Term
|
Definition
PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR
SECRETED BY PLATELETS.
STIMULATES SMOOTH MUSCLE AND FIBRINOBLASTS IN DAMAGED BV SO BV GETS REPAIRED |
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Term
|
Definition
A STATIONARY CLOT CREATED IN AN INTACT BV
RESULTS IN DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO AREA |
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Term
|
Definition
A MOVING BLOOD CLOT, FREE FLOWING THROUGH BLOOD,
*THIS TERM IS USED FOR A "THROMBUS" THAT HAS DISLODGED*
EMBOLUS CAN GET CAUGHT IN SMALL BV OF ORGANS, CAUSING DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO ORGAN AND ORGAN FAILURE |
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Term
|
Definition
GENETIC CONDITION, PERSON PRODUCES DEFECTIVE CLOTTING FACTORS PREVENTING BLOOD FROM CLOTTING PROPERLY
SEX LINKED GENETIC CONDITION, X CHROMOSOME (FATHER CANNOT PASS TO SON, BUT TO DAUGHTER, MOTHER CAN TO BOTH) |
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Term
| DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP |
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Definition
| DETERMINED BY THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF SPECIFIC ANTIGENS (A, B,O, D) |
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Term
|
Definition
ANTIGENS THE PROVIDE BLOOD GROUPS A,B,O,[RH]
LOCATED ON SURFACE OF RBC
NATURALLY OCCURING AND ARE NOT HARMFUL TO THE BODY |
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Term
|
Definition
ANTIBODIES IN THE BODY LOCATED IN THE PLASMA
ANTI-a, ANTI-b, *ANTI-d (ANTI-d OCCUR IN SENSITIZED PATIENT, WE ARE NOT BORN WITH THIS ANTIBODY) |
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Term
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Definition
CLUMPING OF BLOOD (RBCS) WHEN ANTIBODIES ARE EXPOSED TO ANTIGENS (EXAMPLE ANTIGEN-A IS EXPOSED TO ANTI-a)
***THIS IS NOT THE SAME AS CLOTTING**** |
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Term
|
Definition
OCCURS WHEN CLUMPED RBCS CLOG RENAL ARTERIES
RESULT OF BLOOD MISMATCH |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DONORS RBCS ARE MIXED WITH RECPIENTS PLASMA (DONOR ANTIGENS WITH RECPIENTS ANTIBODIES) |
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|
Term
| CAN DONOR'S ANTIBODIES CAUSE HARM? |
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Definition
NO! THEY ARE DILUTED AND THERFORE NOT ENOUGH TO CAUSE HARM TO REPIENTS
THE RECEPIENTS ANTIBODIES ARE IN A MUCH HIGHER CONCENTRATION, AND THEREFORE ARE ABLE TO ATTACK DONOR ANTIGENS IN THE EVENT OF A MISMATCH |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THREE CLOTTING FACTORS. WHERE ARE THEY MADE? WHAT DO THEY DO? |
|
Definition
FIBRINOGEN - LIVER - COMMON PATHWAY, 2500-3500 PER MICROLITER
PROTHROMBIN-LIVER,NEEDS VITAMIN K - COMMON PATHWAY, 100 PER MICROLITER
TISSUE FACTOR(TF)-DAMAGED TISSUE,ACTIVATED PLATELETS, EXTRINSIC PATHWAY, 0 PER MICROLITER |
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