Term
Stratum Corneum
(horny layer) |
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Definition
| Most superficial later; 20-30 layers of dead cells represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space |
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Term
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Definition
| three to five laters of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellated granules(release lipids) and keratohyaline granules. |
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Term
stratum spinosum
(prickly layer) |
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Definition
| several laters of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin. see melanin granules and dendritic cells (langerhans cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| deepest epidermal later; one row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers. see occasional melanocytes and epidermal dendritic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
~80% of the thickness of dermis
collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency/bind water
elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties |
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Term
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Definition
| collagen fibers arranged in bundles form cleavage (tension) lines. Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily |
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Term
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Definition
| dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures. |
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Term
| Derivatives of the epidermis |
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Definition
| sweat glands, oil glands, hairs and hair follicles, and nails |
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Term
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Definition
| (merocrine) abundant on palms, soles, and forehead. 99% water, NaCl, vitamin c, antibodies, dercidin, metabolic wastes. connect to pores via ducts, thermoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
| most develop from hair follicles, become active at puberty (androgens), produce sebum |
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Term
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Definition
| oily holocrine secretion, bactericidal, softens hair and skin, slows water loss from skin when externam humidity is low |
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Term
| functions of the integumentary system |
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Definition
| protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands |
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Term
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Definition
| contain no blood vessels or nerves, dense CT girdle of perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| provide support, flexibility, and resilience. most abundant |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to hyaline, but contains elastic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| collagen fibers, have great tensile strength |
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Term
| appositional growth of cartilage |
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Definition
| cells secrete matrix against the externam face of existing cartilage |
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Term
| interstitial growth of cartilage |
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Definition
| chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within |
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Term
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Definition
| support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), triglyceride (energy) storage |
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Term
| Bulges, depression, and holes in bones serve as.. |
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Definition
| sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons; joint surfaces; and conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
| spongy bone in flat bones |
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Definition
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Term
| Red marrow cavities in adults |
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Definition
| trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus, trabecular cavities of the diploe of flat bones |
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Term
| Red marrow cavities in new born infants |
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Definition
| all spaces in spongy bone |
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Term
| osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells |
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Definition
| stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintains bone tissue, mature bone cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes |
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Term
| Central (Haversion) Canal |
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Definition
| contains blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
perforating (volkmann's) canals
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Definition
| at right angles to the central canal, connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal |
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Term
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Definition
| small cavities that contain osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal |
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Term
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Definition
| align along lines of stress, no osteons, contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi, and capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients |
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Term
| Organic chemical composition of bone |
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Definition
| osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. Osteoid-org. bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts. Ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins), collagen fibers. |
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Term
Hydrocyapatites
(mineral salts) |
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Definition
| 65% of bone by mass, mainly calcium phosphate crystals, responsible for hardness and resistance to compression |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane, forms flat bones |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis |
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Term
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Definition
| older chondrocytes hypertrophy and their lacunae erode and enlarge |
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Term
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Definition
| older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcifies, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate |
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Term
| appositional growth in bone |
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Definition
thicker, stronger bone, grows wider
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Term
| during puberty, testosterone and estrogens regulate bone growth how? |
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Definition
| they initially promote adolescent growth spurts, cause masculinization and feminization of specific parts of skeleton, and later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by osteoblasts, is essential for mineralization of bone |
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Term
| sites of new matrix deposition are revealed by.. |
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Definition
osteoid seam (unmineralized band of bone matrix)
Calcification front (abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone)
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Term
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Definition
| lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix), and acids (convert calcium salts into soluble forms) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells, and cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| increases blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclast activity, increases intestinal calcium absorption, decreases excretion of calcium by the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by thyroid gland, lowers calcium levels. inhibits osteoclast activity, and increases calcium excretion by kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| a bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it |
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Term
| classification of bone fractures |
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Definition
1.positions of ends after fracture
nondisplaced-ends retain reg. position
displaced-ends out of norm. alignment
2.Completeness of the break
complete-broke all the way through
incomplete-not all the way through |
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Term
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Definition
| high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone, treatment= calcitonin and biphosphonates |
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Term
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Definition
| site where two or more bones meet |
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Term
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Definition
| give skeleton mobility, hold skeleton together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bones joined by dense fibrous CT. No joint cavity, most are synarthrotic (immovable) and there are 3 types: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses |
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Term
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Definition
| bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue), movement varies from immovable to slightly movable |
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Term
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Definition
| bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity. two types: synchondroses and symphyses |
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Term
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Definition
| a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones, all are synarthrotic |
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Term
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Definition
| hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage, they are strong, flexible, and amphiarthroses |
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Term
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Definition
| all are diarthrotic, and they include all limb joints, most joints of the body |
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Term
| synovial joints: general structure |
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Definition
| synovial joints all have the following: articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, Articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and rich nerve and blood supplys |
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Term
| distinguishing features of synovial joints |
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Definition
1.articular (hyaline) cartilage
2. Joint (synovial) cavity
3. articular (joint) capsule: outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular tissue, inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
4. synovial fluid |
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Term
Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments in synovial joints
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Definition
capsular (intrinsic) - part of the fibrous capsule
Extracapsular (extrinsic) - outside the capsule
Intracapsular - deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes, and is a friction-reducing structure. it contains synovial fluid, and commonly act as "ball bearings" where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon |
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Term
| stabilizing factors at synovial joints |
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Definition
| shapes of articular surfaces (minor), ligament number and location (limited), muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut |
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Term
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Definition
| attatchment to the immovable bone |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment to the movable bone |
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Term
| Movement in synovial joints |
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Definition
| muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin, movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes |
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Term
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Definition
| found in synovial joints, slipping movements only |
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Term
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Definition
| found in synovial joints, movement in one place |
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Term
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Definition
| found in synovial joints, movement in two planes |
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Term
| multiaxial range of motion |
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Definition
| movement in or around all three planes, found in synovial joints |
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Term
| Three general types of movements at synovial joints |
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Definition
1.Gliding
2. Angular movements:
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
3. Rotation:
medial and lateral rotation
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Term
| Special movements at synovial joints |
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Definition
| supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, opposition |
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Term
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Definition
| movement away from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| movement toward the midline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| downward movement of foot |
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Term
| six types of synovial joint classifications |
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Definition
| plane, hinge, pivot,condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket |
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Term
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Definition
| nonaxial joints, flat articular surfaces, and short gliding movements |
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Term
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Definition
| uniaxial joints, motion along a single plane, and flexion and extension only |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve," or ring of another bone, uniaxial movement only |
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Term
| condyloid (Ellipsoidal) joints |
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Definition
| biaxial joints, both articular surfaces are oval, and permit all angular movements |
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Term
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Definition
| biaxial, allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints, each articular surface has both concave and convex areas |
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Term
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Definition
| multiaxial joints, the most freely moving synovial joints |
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Term
| Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint |
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Definition
| ball-and-socket joint:head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula, glenoid cavity slightly deepened by glenoid labrum=rim of fibrocartilage, and stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement |
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Term
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Definition
SITS muscles-reinforce should joint to prevent dislocation of humerus
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis |
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Term
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Definition
| radius and ulna articulate with the humerus, hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus, flexion and extension only |
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Term
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Definition
| Ball-and-socket joint, head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum, good range of motion,but limited by the deep socket, acetabular labrum(enhanced depth of socket), and is reinforced by several strong ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone, two types of movement - hinge- depression and elevation of mandible, and Gliding- side-to-side motion, and it is the most easily dislocated joint in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction, and is treated with rest and ice, and if severe, anti-inflammatory drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse, symptoms and treatment similar to bursitis |
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Term
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Definition
| common, irreversible, degenerative ("wear-and-tear") arthritis ->85% of all americans develop this |
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Term
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Definition
| deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation, it is more common in men, typically affects the joint at the base of the great toe, if untreated bone ends fuse and immobilize joint |
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Term
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Definition
| long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations. their functions are voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of environment; facial expression, and voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| elaborate versions of actin and myosin filaments that bring out movement or contraction in all cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| found only in walls of heart, its contractions help propel blood through the blood vessels to all parts of body, they are striated, however they are branching and uninucleate |
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Term
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Definition
| have no visible striations, are spindle shaped, uninucleate, found mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart, it acts to squeeze substances through these organs by alternatly contracting and relaxing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac muscle and smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles and hair |
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Term
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Definition
| may indicate emarassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy |
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Term
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Definition
| during fear, anger stress, become pale, pale may also indicate anemia or low blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| liver disorder where yellow pigments accumulate in blood and are deposited to body tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a bronze, almost metallic appearance of the skin is a sign of addison's disease, in which the adrenal cortex is producing inadequate amounts of its steroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to bones and skin, striated, voluntary, powerful |
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Term
| special characteristics of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| excitablility (responsiveness or irritability): ability to recieve and respond to stimuli, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of bones or fluids, maintaining posture and body position, stabilizing joints, and heat generation (especially skeletal) |
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Term
| what is skeletal muscle served by? |
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Definition
| one artery, one nerve, and one or more veins |
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Term
| direct skeletal muscle attachment |
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Definition
| epimysium of muscle is fused to the periosteum of bone or pericondrium of cartilage |
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Term
| indirect skeletal muscle attachment |
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Definition
| connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as a ropelike tendon or sheetlike |
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Term
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Definition
| dense regular CT surrounding entire skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds each fasicle |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell |
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Term
| skeletal muscle cells are subdivided to what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
densely packed, rodlike elements
~80%of cell volume, and they exhibit striations: perfectly aligned repeating series of dark a bands and light i bands |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane of the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile unit, made up of contractile proteins between two z discs |
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Term
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Definition
| run entire length of the a band |
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Term
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Definition
| rub the length of the I band and partway in to the A band |
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Term
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Definition
| coin-shaped sheet of proteins that anchors the thin filaments and connects myofibrils to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| lighter midregion where filaments do not overlap |
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Term
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Definition
| line of protein myomesin that holds adjacent thick filaments together |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 interwoven, heavy polypeptide chains |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 smaller, light polypeptide chains that act as cross bridges during contraction, binding sites for actin of thin filaments, binding sites for ATP, and ATPase enzymes |
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Term
| Ultrastructure of Thin Filament |
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Definition
| twisted double strand of fibrous protein F actin, F actin consists of G (globular) actin subunits, G actin bears active sites for myosin head attachment during contraction, tropomyosin and troponin |
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Term
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Definition
| network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounding each myofibril, pairs of terminal cisternae form perpendicular cross channels, and functions in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous with the sarcolemma, penetrate the cell's interior at each A band-I band junction, and associate with the paired terminal cisternae to form triads that encircle each sarcomere |
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Term
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Definition
| T tubules conduct impulses deep into muscle fiber, integral proteins protrude into the intermembrane space from T tubule and SR cisternae membranes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
gated channels that regulate Ca2+
release from the SR cisternae
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Term
| Nerve stimulation of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| skeletal muscles are stimulated by motor neurons of the somatic nervous system, Axons of these neurons travel in nerves (groups) to muscle cells, Axons of motor neurons branch profusely as they enter muscles, and each axonal branch forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| gets rid of ACh by breaking it down to acetic acid and choline |
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