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| The basic structural unit of all organisms. |
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| Three main parts of a cell |
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| 1. Cell membrane, 2. the cytoplasm, 3. the nucleus |
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| A bilatyer of phopholipid and protein molecules that controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell |
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| The medium for chemical reactions in the cell. It contains water, dissolved ions, nutrients, and different organelles. The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is encircled by the cell membrane |
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| The largest and innermost organelle in the cell. it is roughly spherical body near the center of the cell, and it contains DNA, which regulates the cell's activities |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA consists of long chains of chemical bases along with a sugar-phophate backbone; the bhains are joined in pairs oby bonds between complementary bases and twist around each other in a double helix. This pattern of basees carries genetic informaiton that directs all cell activies |
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| The genetic material contained in the nucleus of a nondividing cell. It consists primarily of chomosomes, made of DNA bound in clumps to proteins |
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| A dense body within the nucleus, also known as the little nucleus, composed of DNA, RNA, and protein molecules. It is the site for synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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| Ribonucleic acid. RNA consists of long, single chains of chemical bases along a sugar-phosphate backbone. RNA molecules are transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where they direct the formation of proteins. |
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| A specialized part of a cell that performs a particular function |
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| A granular cytoplasmic organelle composed of RNA. Ribosomes provide enzymes that link amino acids for protein synthesis |
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| A small, rod-shaped organelle that serves as the power plant of the cell because it provides energy. |
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| Cytoplasmic particles that digest material that comes into the cell. They are often referred to as the garbage disposals of teh cells because they break down nutrient molecules and foreign particles |
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| A network of tubules that transports material throught the cytoplasm and aids in the synthesis of proteins and lipids |
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| A small membranous structure found in most cells that forms the carbohydrate side chains of glycoproteins. The golgi apparatus consists of a stave of about six flattened membranous sacs that refine and alter glycoproteins. It is also called the Golgi body of Golgi complex |
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| The cytolasmic elements that coordinate the movement of organelles |
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| An intracellular, rod-shaped body involved with cell division and organizing mitotic spindles |
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| one of numerous small, hairlike extensions that move substances across the surface of a cell |
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| a long, whiplike extension from a cell that aids in movement. The only human cell with a tail (flagellum) is sperm. Otherwise, flagellum is usually associated with a parasite |
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| The division of a somatic cell to form two new cells, each identical to the parent cell. |
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| a type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half the number found in a normal body cell. It results in the formation of an egg or sperm |
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| seperation of the cytoplasm into two cells after nuclear division has occured |
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| the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concetration, a concentration gradient |
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| the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in response to the concentration gradient |
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| diffusion through a membrane by means of proteins acting as carrier molecules |
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| the movement of fluid through a membrane in response to hydrostative pressure |
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| the movement of substances against a concentration gradient, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. It requires a carrier molecule and uses energy. |
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| the formation of cesibles in the cell membrane to transfer particles and roplets from the outside into the cell. Phagocytosis (ingestion of solids) and pnocytosis (ingestion of liquids) are two such processes |
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| the discharge from a cell of particles too large to pass through the cell membrane by diffusion |
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| a solution that has the same concentration (osmotic pressure) as the fluids within a cell |
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| a solution that has a higher concentration (osmotic pressure) than the fluids within a cell |
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| a solution that has a lower concentration (osmotic pressure) than the fluids within a cell |
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| the simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties. Oxygen, iron, gold, and other elements cannot be broken down into different substances by ordinary chemical means. All matter, living and nonliving, is composed of elements. |
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| the smallest particle of an element, consisting of electrons surrounding a nucleus composed of protons, neutrons, and other entities. |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The hdyrogen atom, for example, has one proton and its atomic number is 1. Carbon has sis protons and its atomic number is six. |
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| the relative weight of an atom, determined by the number of protons and neutrons together and copared with the standard carbon atom (which has a mass of 12 and an atomic weight of 12) |
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| a relatively weak attraction formed when one or more electrongs are transferred from one atom to another. It is easily disrupted in water. |
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| an atom that has acquired a charge through the gain or loss of one or more electrons |
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| a molecule composed of two or more different elements, such as carbon dioxide |
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| a combination of substances that are not chemically combined and can be separated by physical means |
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| a mixture in which a solid is distributed but not dissolved. It will separate unless it is shaken |
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| a substance that permits the transfer of electrons in solution. Common electrolytes include acids, bases, and salts |
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| the number used to indicate the exact strength of an acid or base |
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| a scale, ranging from 0 to 14, that measures the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| a substance with a pH less than 7.0 that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions. Because a hydrogen ion consists of a proton, an acid is referred to as a hydrogen ion donor or a proton donor. |
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| a substance with a pH greater than 7.0. It is referred to as a hydrogen ion acceptor or a proton acceptor. Bases contain higher concentrations of hydroxyl ions (OH-) whereas acids contain higher concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) |
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Definition
| a substance that prevents or reduces changes in pH and counterbalances the addition of an acid or base |
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| a system that uses chemical reactions occuring in body fluids to maintain a particular pH. The acid-base balance is regulated by two buffer systems in the body: the lungs and the kidneys. |
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Definition
| the abbreviated for adenosine triphosphate. ATP is the primary provider of energy for a cell |
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| the microscopic study of tissues |
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| a collection of similar cells acting together to perform a particular function. Types include epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous |
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| an organ that contains special cells that secrete substances. Some glands lubricate; others produce hormones |
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| glands that consist of only one cell |
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| glands that may be classified on the basis of structure (simple or compound), type of secretion (mucous, serous, or mixed), presence or absence of ducts (exocrine or endocrine), characteristics of secreting units (alveolar or acinar), and manner of secretion (merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine) |
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Definition
| the only unicellular exocrine gland. Goblet cells produce mucus in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
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Definition
| tissue that connects, protects, supports, and forms a framework for all body structures. Connective tissue includes loose fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. |
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| tissue that fills spaces int eh body and binds structures together |
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| a specialized form of loose fibrous tissue taht provides inslation; it is commonly called fat |
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| connective tissue that forms tendons and ligaments |
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| a hard, dense connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix that can withstand considerable pressure and tension. It provides support, a framework,a nd attachment; protects underlying tissues; and forms structural models for many developing bones. It is bluish-white or gray and semi-opaque. Cartilage does not contain any nerves or blood supply. There are three types of cartilate?: hyaline, fibrous, and eleastic |
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Definition
| a hard, connective tissue consisting of specialized cells embedded in a matrix of hardened mineral salts. It is the most rigid connective tissue |
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| the only type of connective tissue that is liquid, composed of cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma |
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| tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
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Definition
| tissue that provides movement, maintains posture, and produces heat. Muscle tissue is composed of elongated muscle fibers that can contract and thereby move body parts. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and are controlled voluntarily. smooth muscles, which lack the striations of skeletal muscles, line the walls of hollow internal organs. Cardiac muscles, which are striated, are founds only in the heart. Both smooth and cardiac muscles are controlled involuntarily |
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Definition
| a malignant tumor that forms in connective tissue |
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Definition
| a layer of tissue that lines body caviies, covers organs, or separates structures |
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| the membrane that covers the body. It is also known as the skin |
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| mucous and serous membranes |
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Definition
| the leura, pericardium, and peritoneum |
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Definition
| the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum |
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Definition
| the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum |
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| connective tissue membranes |
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Definition
| synovial membranes and the meninges |
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Definition
| one of three connective tissue coverings, or meninges, around the brain and spinal cord. The three layers from the outermost to the innermost, are the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater |
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Definition
| a benign tumor of glandular epithelial cells |
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Definition
| a malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium |
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| one of the three imaginary planes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse) used as refernce in describing positions of the body or of parts of the body |
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| a plane that divides the body into front and back halves. This plane is also referred to as the coronal plane |
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Definition
| a plane that divides the body into left and right halves. This plane is also referred to as the lateral plane |
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| a plane that passes along the midline and divides the body into left and right halves. This plane is also referred to as the median plane |
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| a plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves. This plane is also referred to as the horizontal plane |
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Definition
| either of two main cavities int he body, the dorsal and the ventral |
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Definition
| the main body cavity consisting of the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord |
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| the main body cavity consisting of the thoracic, the abdominal, and the pelvic cavities. It is much larger than the dorsal cavity |
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| the division of the abdominal area |
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Definition
| the two most common ways to subdivide the abdominal area are into either nine regions or four quadrants |
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Definition
| the skin and its derivatives. Functions of the skin include protection, the regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, and the synthesis of vitamin D |
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Definition
| the medical term for skin. It consists of three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue |
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Definition
| the outermost layer of the skin. It contains no blood vessels, but it does contain melanin, which gives skin its characteristic color, and keratin, which is waterproof barrier against pathogens and chemicals. Specialized cells in the epidermis called melanocytes produce melanin. The moer melanin in skin, the darker its color. The epidermis consists of five layers, or strata. Theya re, from outermmost to innermost, the stratum corneum, the stratum lucidum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum germinativum |
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Definition
| the layer of skin cotnaining hair follicles, nails, glands, fibers, sense recptors, and blood vessels. it is also called true skin |
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Definition
| the bottom layer of the cutaneous membrane, beneath the true skin |
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Definition
| a translucent band that is seen best in thick, glabrous skin |
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Definition
| dead, keratinized cells located on the outer surface ofthe epidermis |
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Definition
| a process by which epithelial cells lose their moisture, which is replaced by keratin (protein) |
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Definition
| an oil gland, associated with ahir follicles. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum and are abudnant in the scalp, external ear, face, nose, mouth, and anus |
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Definition
| a gland that secretes sweat, either directly to the skin's surface (eccrine type) or indirectly through hair follicles (apocrine type). Also called sudoriferous glands, sweat glands are widely distributed over the body, except for the lips, nippes, and parts of the expernal genitalia |
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Definition
| an individual unit of osseous tissue, part of the boyd's supprting framework. Bones are living tissue. Bones produce blood cells, act as a storage area for calcium, and protect delicate organs of the body |
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Definition
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| three types of cells in bone |
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Definition
| osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes |
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Definition
| long, short, flat, and irregular |
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Definition
| femur, radius, and humerus |
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Definition
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| ribs, scapula, skull, and sternum |
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| vertebrae, sacrum, mandible |
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| how many bones are the in the adult human skeleton? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the shaft of a long bone, located between the epiphyses |
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Definition
| spongy bone tissue, located at the ends of a long bone |
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| three types of articulation |
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Definition
| immovable (synarthrosis), slightly moveable (amphiartrhosis), and freely movable (diarthrosis). Diathrosis joints are th emost common type in the human body |
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Term
| classification of synovial joints |
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Definition
| classified according to the shapes of their parts and movements they permit: 1) ball and socket, 2) condyloid joint, 3) Gliding joint, 4) hinge joint, 5) pivot joint, 6) saddle joint |
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Definition
| U-shped bone int he nexk that supports the tongue. Does not articulate directly with any other bone |
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Term
| Vertebral column, or spinal column |
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Definition
| consists of intervertebral disks and 26 vertebraw in the human adult |
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| four curvatures of the spine: |
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Definition
| cervical curve, thoracic curve, lumbar curve, and sacral curve |
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Definition
| the first cervical vertebra. It articulates with the occipital bone and the axis |
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Definition
| the second cervical vertebra, with which the atlas bone articulates. This articulation allows the head to be turned, extended, and flexed. |
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Definition
| tailbone, attaches to the end of the sacrum |
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Definition
| the bone that forms the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.Supports the clavibles and articulates directly with the first seven pairs of ribs. Consists of the manubrium, the body (or gladiolus) and the xiphoid process |
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Term
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Definition
| seven pairs of ribs, which attach tot he sternum directly by their individual costal cartilages |
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Definition
| ribs in pairs 8-10, which attach to the sternum indirectly |
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Definition
| ribs in pairs 11 and 12, which do not attach to the sternum |
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Definition
| the skeletal structure consisting of the two clavicles, or collarbones,a nd the two scapulae, or shoulder blades |
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Definition
| collarbone. One of the pair of long bones that form the anterior part of the pectoral girdle |
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Definition
| Shoulder blade. one of the pair of large, flat, triangular bones that form the dorsal part of the pectoral girdle |
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Definition
| a projection on the ulna that forms the boy point of the elbow |
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Definition
| a projection on the temporal bone |
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Definition
| the skeletal structure consisting of the ilium, the sacrum, and the coccyx |
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Definition
| deep depression on the lateral surface of the hipbone, on which the ball-shaped head of the femur articulates |
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Definition
| a large opening on each side of teh lower part of the hipbone |
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Definition
| a flat, triangular bone at the front of the knee joint. It is also called the kneecap |
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Definition
| skeletal or voluntary; smooth also called visceral or invuluntary; and cardiac |
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| two types of protein in muscle tissue |
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Definition
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Definition
| a muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleated, and striated fibers that work together with bones to enable movement. |
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| characteristics of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| contractility, elasticity, excitability, and extensibility |
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| how muscles are there in the human body |
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Definition
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| spindle-shaped muscle that causes the cotnraction of blood vessels and viscera such as intestines and stomach |
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Definition
| any individual muscle cell |
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