Term
| what are the three main components of the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
| lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| Which is the most predominant component of the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the plasma membrane often referred to as the trilaminar sheet or lipid |
|
Definition
| when viewed under the microscope, the lipid bilayer appears as 3 layers: the head region of the outer lipids, the tail region of both the inner and outer lipids, and finally the head region of the inner lipids |
|
|
Term
| what are the various types of membrane proteins |
|
Definition
| ion pumps, channels, receptors, transducers, enzymes, structural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from a few to a several hundred thick nm layer of glycoprotein, important in cell recognition |
|
|
Term
| nine levels of biological organization |
|
Definition
| organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell,organelle, macromolecule, molecule, atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1.standing erect 2. head, eyes and toes directed anteriorly 3. upper limbs at sides with palms directed anteriorly 4. lower limbs together with the feet directed anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| superior, cephalic, cranial |
|
Definition
| above or closer to the head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| below or closer to the feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closer to point of attachment or trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farther from point of attachment or further from trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toward center or core of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertical plane dividing body into equal right and left halves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right and left portions, not necessarily equal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides body, or any part, into anterior and posterior parts |
|
|
Term
| transverse/horizontal/cross-sectinal plane |
|
Definition
| divides body into superior and inferior parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lying on the back with the face up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing or decreasing the angle between two limb segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rotation of limb around a proximal joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the palm is up to hold a cup of soup in supination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of the sole of the foot toward or away from the body midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of limb away from or towards the body midline |
|
|
Term
| regions of the body are named for their ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| appendicular skeleton consists of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| axial skeleton consists of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsal surface and plantar surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective, muscular, nervous, epithelial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues composed of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces or form glands,and serve for protection, secretion and absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue with more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded info to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two components of any tissue |
|
Definition
| cells and intercellular substance |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main types of fibers found in the intercellular substance. |
|
Definition
| collagen, reticular, elastic |
|
|
Term
| List the two foremost characteristics of epithelial tissue |
|
Definition
| all cells have a free surface (exhibits polarity), all cells are anchored to a basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| How are epithelial cells nourished |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the basement membrane located in epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the basement membrane |
|
Definition
| mainly a structural element, for support |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of epithelial glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product directly into the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| exocrine secrete product____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two features are used to classify epithelial glands |
|
Definition
| 1. shape of duct (branched vs. unbranched) 2. shape of secretory unit (acinar vs. tubular) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 modes of secretory release |
|
Definition
| merocrine, apocrine, holocrine, and cytogenous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| granules released from the cell, pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of cell is released with granules, mammary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whole cell dies and is secreted, sebacceous gland of hair follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whole living cell is released, testes/ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compound epithelial is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of cell membrane specializations |
|
Definition
1. apical
2. lateral and basal
3. communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral and basal examples |
|
Definition
| tight, adhering, and hemidesmosomes junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| core of microtubules, longer than microvillia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface area for absorption and secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| move things over the cell surface by beating in a wave like fashion. |
|
|
Term
| name the structure that anchors microvilli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the types of cell to cell junctions |
|
Definition
| tight junctions and adhering junctions |
|
|
Term
| adhering junctions are the site of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the surface cells of epithelium together. |
|
|
Term
| name the cell to cell junction specialized for communication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the junctional specialization on the basal aspect of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the 2 different types of adhering junctions: |
|
Definition
| desmosome and zonlula adherens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zonlula adherens appear ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two main characteristics of CT |
|
Definition
| cells are far apart and are surrounded by a matrix |
|
|
Term
| how does epithelium compare with CT |
|
Definition
| CT: highly vascular, variable cellularity, variable amount of extracellular material, surface surrounded by tissue, lacks basement membrane, nonpolar epithelium: avascular, highly cellular, almost no extracellular material, free surface, basement membrane, polar membranes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 functions of CT? sstpdh |
|
Definition
| 1. support 2. storage 3. transport 4. protection 5. defense 6. healing |
|
|
Term
| What are the main components of CT |
|
Definition
| fibers & ground substance |
|
|
Term
| What is the foremost cell of CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the foremost cell found in CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the active form of the fibroblast differ in name and appearance from the inactive form? |
|
Definition
| active: fibroblast- ameboid appearance, multiple processes inactive: fibrocyte- long, slender, few processes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a macrophage |
|
Definition
| attack and ingest foreign particles |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a mast cell |
|
Definition
| secretion of heparin and histamine |
|
|
Term
| List the three types of fibers found in CT |
|
Definition
| collagen, elastic, reticular |
|
|
Term
| What type of fiber is most abundent in CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell forms the most abundant fiber type in CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do elastic fibers differ from collagen |
|
Definition
| elastic fibers have less tensile strength, easily stretched, arranged in networks, often branched |
|
|
Term
| Where are elastic fibers normally found? |
|
Definition
| elastic ligaments and arteries |
|
|
Term
| What cells generate elastic fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells can secrete reticular fibers |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| main component of CT ground substance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are common in loose CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| under epithelia, forming mesentery, filling space between muscles |
|
|
Term
| What can be said about loose CT cell:fiber ratio |
|
Definition
| lots of cells: decreased numbers of fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized functions of adipose tissue |
|
Definition
| protection, stores energy, insulates |
|
|
Term
| How does dense CT differ from loose CT |
|
Definition
| dense: decreased cells: increased fibers, densely packed, strong, poor blood supply loose: increased cells: decreased fibers, loosely packed, weak, good blood supply |
|
|
Term
| How does dense regular CT differ from dense irregular CT |
|
Definition
| by having either a regular or irregular fiber arrangement |
|
|
Term
| What is the most predominant cell in dense CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most predominant cell in dense CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are fibers arranged in dense CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two general layers compose the integumentary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the deep layer of the integumentary system divided |
|
Definition
| into a papillary layer and a reticular layer |
|
|
Term
| What are the general functions of the integumentary system. |
|
Definition
| 1. protection 2. prevents dehydration 3. perception of sensation 4. synthesis of vitamin D 5. regulates body temperature 6. waste excretion 7. absorbs lipid soluble agents 8. barrier between outside and internal organs 9. stores glycogen and functions in glucose metabolism 10. functions in electrolyte balance |
|
|
Term
| List the accessory organs of the skin |
|
Definition
| hair, nails, sebaceous gland, sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an erector pili muscle? |
|
Definition
| a muscle attached to CT sheath of hair, contracts when cold to reduce surface area of the skin |
|
|
Term
| what does a sebaceous gland secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of secretory mode does a sebaceous gland exhibit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sebaceous gland |
|
Definition
| secretions keep hair and skin soft and waterproof |
|
|
Term
| Name the two types of sweat glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What products are secreted by each sweat gland |
|
Definition
| apocrine- highly proteinaceous eccrine- water, NaCl, urea, ammonia |
|
|
Term
| What are nails composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what structure do nails grow? |
|
Definition
| nails grow from the root of the lunule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dead skin along the proximal margin of the nail fold. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin beneath the free border of the nail |
|
|
Term
| for what specific function is cartilage designed for? |
|
Definition
| rigidity and stress endurance |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main components of cartilage? |
|
Definition
| 1. cells 2. ground substance 3. fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the perichondrium? |
|
Definition
| the dense CT capsule around developing cartilage, secreted by fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what do chondrogenic cells become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a chondroblast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth at the surface of a cartilage is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth at the surface of cartilage is a result of cells doing what? |
|
Definition
| chondrogenic cells proliferating into chondroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spaces within the ground substance occupied by chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is a cell nest (isogenous group) |
|
Definition
| chondrocytes that continue to divide within their lacunae become trapped in the matrix and form cell nests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living cartilage cells capable of mitosis |
|
|
Term
| what specific fiber types are found in the matrix of cartilage? |
|
Definition
| type I or type II collagen and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| How does appositional growth differ from interstitial growth? |
|
Definition
| appositional growth- growth at the surface interstitial growth- growth from within |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of cartilage? |
|
Definition
| 1. hyaline 2. elastic 3. fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| hyaline can be found in the ____. |
|
Definition
| nose, tracheal rings, embryonic skeleton |
|
|
Term
| elastic cartilage can be found in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibrocartilage can be found in the ____. |
|
Definition
| intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| What type of fiber type is found in hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is articular cartilage? |
|
Definition
| cartilage found on the ends of bones in synovial joints |
|
|
Term
| What fiber type is found in elastic cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is elastic cartilage specialized for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specific fiber type is found in the matrix of fibrocartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fibrocartilage specialized for? |
|
Definition
| it withstands great pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is bone tissue specialized for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone is highly vascularized |
|
|
Term
| what inorganic salt is stored in bone in major quantities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are bones two main components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the surface of all bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the tissue covering of bone? |
|
Definition
| contains stock of undifferentiated osteogenic cells, highly vascularized, and innervated. |
|
|
Term
| What cells are found in the outer layer of tissue covering bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are found in the inner layer of tissue covering bone? |
|
Definition
| osteogenic cells, osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| osteoblasts function to produce what in bone? |
|
Definition
| the organic matrix of bone |
|
|
Term
| Osteoblasts come from ____ and function in ___ |
|
Definition
| osteogenic cells; bone growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-dividing cells which are encased in the solid matrix they secreted as osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| osteoblasts are composed of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the tiny bony tunnels radiating from each lacunae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the canaliculi contain |
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic processes of osteoblasts/osteocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the canaliculi? |
|
Definition
| cellular communication, diffusion, increased interconnectivity |
|
|
Term
| What is an osteon (haversian system)? |
|
Definition
| numerous lamellae of deposited bone around a central canal |
|
|
Term
| osteoclasts are ___ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do osteoclasts arise from? |
|
Definition
| circulating blood or bone marrow monocytes or macrophages |
|
|
Term
| osteoclasts resorb surplus or inferior bone matrix, as found in resorbing surfaces in depressions called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osteoclasts can form ___ enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osteoclasts: hydrolytic enzymes liberated by exocytosis digest the _____. |
|
Definition
| amorphous organic component of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposition of insoluble calcium salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the creation of bone tissue including secretion and calcification of bone matrix |
|
|
Term
| what is the osteon (Haversian system)? |
|
Definition
| numerous lamellae of deposited bone around a central canal |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of spongy bone? |
|
Definition
| numerous spaces within, each space contains marrow |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of compact bone |
|
Definition
| narrow marrow spaces, tightly packed with Haversion systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process whereby spongy bone is transformed into compact bone |
|
|
Term
| How is compaction accomplished? |
|
Definition
| osteogenic cells residing on the trabeculae of the spongy bone are transformed into osteoblasts, the osteoblasts deposit new osteoid material in layers (appositional growth), eventually the spaces are eliminated = compact bone |
|
|
Term
| When compaction is completed, what structural and functional units of bone tissue have been constructed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Around what structure are osteons organized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are osteons organized around the structure that they are? |
|
Definition
| because osteocytes reside too far from blood vessels to receive nutrients, so the osteon system is set up for communication via canaliculi for the cells that are distant from the vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
left is haversian canal
right is osteon/havesian system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
top is haversian canal
bottom is volkmanns canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
black is outer circumferential lamallae
light blue is inner circumferential lamallae |
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of bone formation? |
|
Definition
| 1. intramembranous ossification 2. endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
| Which method of bone formation is referred to as being direct? why? |
|
Definition
| intramembranous ossification- because there is no cartilaginous template as in endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
| Which method of bone formation is referred to as being indirect? why? |
|
Definition
| endochondral ossification- because a cartilaginous template is formed prior to ossification |
|
|
Term
| Explain the sequence of intramembraneous bone formation |
|
Definition
| 1. mesenchymal cells condense into a connective tissue membrane 2. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoid is secreted and forms bone spicules 3. calcium phosphate salts are incorporated into osteoid matrix, osteoblasts are surrounded and become osteocytes 4. spicules continue to develop, the spaces inbetween form the marrow cavity, the outer and inner membranes undergo compaction 5. remodelling |
|
|
Term
| What types of bones are normally formed by intramembraneous ossification |
|
Definition
| non weight bearing bones, flatbones, ie bones of the skull |
|
|
Term
| In intramembraneous ossification, what differentiate from the mesenchymal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when osteoblasts secrete from mesenchymal cells in intramembraneous ossification, they ____. |
|
Definition
| secrete osteoid which forms spicules as it is secreted |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
| bones are formed from a cartilage model |
|
|
Term
| Where does endochondral ossification initially occur? |
|
Definition
| in the primary ossification center |
|
|
Term
| Which type of bone normally exhibits endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
| a fetal template of hyaline cartilage is formed |
|
|
Term
| Why is the first step in endochondral ossification important? |
|
Definition
| must have template of cartilage for ossification to occur, the template is a model for what is to come |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd critical step in endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
| calcification of the perichondrium |
|
|
Term
| In step 4 of endochondric ossification, the chondrocytes die and ___ invade. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary center of ossification located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs at the primary center of ossification? |
|
Definition
| osteoclasts resorb bone spicules to form marrow cavity, osteoblasts form new bone |
|
|
Term
| How does the marrow cavity form in endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
| by the action of osteoclasts resorbing bone spicules |
|
|
Term
| Where do the secondary centers of ossification occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the region dividing the primary and secondary centers of ossification called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the epiphyseal plate is composed of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What steps form the general process involved in the growth of long bones? |
|
Definition
| continued production of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate in the metaphysis region causes elongation - endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
| What type of bone growth is responsible for increase in width? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of bone growth is responsible for an increase in length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do long bones stop growing in length? |
|
Definition
| hormonal control of cartilage production at the epiphyseal plate stops |
|
|
Term
| How does the stoppage of long bones growing in length occur? |
|
Definition
| the epiphyseal plate stops producing new cartilage cells, the ossification front from the primary ossification center ossifies the plate which is then resorbed by osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| What is formed as a result of the stoppage of long bones growing in length? |
|
Definition
| a confluent marrow cavity |
|
|
Term
| How is the stoppage of long bones growing in length controlled? |
|
Definition
| hormones: gonadal and growth |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in the healing of bone fractures? |
|
Definition
| callus formation: clotted blood replaced by connective tissue, then endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 major classes of bone by shape? |
|
Definition
| flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertebrae, maxilla, mandible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major divisions of the human skeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the axial skeleton? |
|
Definition
| comprises the bones and cartilage of the head, neck, and trunk. include skull,hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage |
|
|
Term
| how many bones form the cranium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial bones are unpaired? |
|
Definition
| frontal, sphenoid, occipital, ethmoid |
|
|
Term
| 4 curvatures of the vertebral column |
|
Definition
| Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral. |
|
|
Term
| how many vertebral disks are located within each curvature |
|
Definition
| 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral. |
|
|
Term
| the base (bottom point) of the vertebral column is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the thoracic cage consists of what? |
|
Definition
| Sternum, 12 ribs, 12 thoracic vertebra. |
|
|
Term
| the three parts of the sternum |
|
Definition
| Manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Head (vertebral body) neck (no articulation) tubercle (transverse process) shaft (costal cartilage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. frontal
2. 2 parietal
3. 2 temporal
4. sphenoid
5. ethmoid
6. occipital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. parietal
2. frontal
3. ethmoid
4. sphenoid
5. temporal
6. occipital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.sagittal suture
2. sutural bones
3. lambdoidal suture
4. occipital
5. parietal
6. frontal
7. coronal suture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. frontal
2. ethmoid
3. sphenoid
4. occipital
5. parietal
6. temporal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. frontal
2. ethmoid
3. sphenoid
4. temporal
5. parietal
6. occipital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. frontal lobe
2. temporal lobe
3. cerebellum
4. anterior cranial fossa
5. middle cranial fossa
6. posterior cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. zygomatic process
2. mastoid process
3. external acoustic meatus
4. styloid process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cribriform plate
2. hypophyseal fossa
3. foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cristae galli
2. frontal air sinus
3. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
4. sphenoidal air sinus
5. hypophyseal fossa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nasal
2. lacrimal
3. zygomatic
4. inferior nasal concha
5. maxilla
6. mandible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lacrimal
2. nasal
3. maxilla
4. mandible
5. zygomatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nasal
2. maxilla
3. mandible
4. palantine
5. vomer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. maxillary sinus
2. middle nasal concha
3. perpindicular plate
4. ethmoid
5. vomer
6. inferior nasal concha |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. coronoid process
2. mandibular condyle
3. alveolar process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. larynx
2. greater horn
3. body
4. lesser horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. body
2. transverse process
3. spinous process
4. lamina
5. articulating process
6. pedicle
7. annulus fibrosis
8. nucleus pulposus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. superior intervertebral notch
2. inferior intervertebral notch
3. intervertebral foramena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. sternum
2. ribs
3. costal cartilage
4. common costal cartilage
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. manubrium
2. body
3. xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. head
2. neck
3. tubercle
4. end of shaft |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the curvatures of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| To balance upper body over the pelvic girdle and center of gravity. |
|
|
Term
| How is the upper limb attached to the axial skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones form the attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bones that comprise the upper limb? |
|
Definition
arm - humerus
forearme: radius and ulna
wrist: has 8 carpal bones organized into two rows.
fingers are composed of metacarpals and phalanges. |
|
|
Term
| what attaches to the lower limb of the axial skeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones form the pelvic girdle? |
|
Definition
| Left and right pelvic bones, sacrum. |
|
|
Term
| Which bones fuse to form the hip bone? |
|
Definition
| Ilium, ischium and pubis. |
|
|
Term
| How many tarsal bones form the ankle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many metatarsal bones are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many phalanges are found in the foot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which digit of the foot only has 2 phalanges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leg is composed of the___ |
|
Definition
thigh: femur
leg: tibia and fibula
foot: tarsal bones of ankle, phalanxes, and metatarsals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. scaphoid
2. lunate
3. triquetrum
4. pisiform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. trapezoid
2. trapezium
3. capitate
4. hamate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. digital phalanx
2. middle phalanx
3. proximal phalanx
4. metacarpals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. left hip bone
2. sacroilliac joints
3. right hip bone
4. sacrum
5. pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. intermediate cuneiform
2. medial cuneiform
3. navicular
4. talus
5. lateral cuneiform
6. cuboid
7. calcaneus
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. phalanges
2. distal phalanx
3. middle phalanx
4. proximal phalanx
5. metatarsals |
|
|
Term
| joints can be classified according to the___. |
|
Definition
| degree of movement possible or the type of tissue that binds them together. |
|
|
Term
| three types of tissue that binds joints together |
|
Definition
| fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
|
|
Term
| synarthrosis joints are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics of synarthrosis joints |
|
Definition
| interlocking bony parts, fibrous CT |
|
|
Term
| two structures of synarthrosis joints |
|
Definition
| 1. sutural = sutures in skull 2. gomphosis = periodontal ligament |
|
|
Term
| amphiarthroses joints are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between syndesmosis and symphysis. |
|
Definition
| 1. syndesmosis = between radius & ulna 2. symphysis = between pelvic bones (pubic symphysis) |
|
|
Term
| diarthroses joints are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| joint capsules are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shock-absorbers and act to reduce friction |
|
|
Term
| 4 accessory structures of joints |
|
Definition
| 1. cartilage and fat pads 2. ligaments 3. tendons 4. bursae |
|
|
Term
| 3 functions of joint capsules |
|
Definition
| 1. lubrication 2. nourishes chondrocytes 3. shock absorber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shock absorbing pads of articular cartilage in the knee joint. |
|
|
Term
| relation between joint stability and range of motion |
|
Definition
| the more stable the joint the less range of motion that is permitted and visa versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. gliding 2. hinge 3. pivot 4. ellipsoidal 5. saddle 6. ball & socket |
|
|
Term
| examples of types of synovial joints |
|
Definition
| 1. gliding: carpal & tarsal bones, articular facets of vertebrae 2. hinge: elbow, knee ankle 3. pivot: between atlas & axis, between proximal radius & ulna 4. ellipsoidal: between the proximal phalanges and the metacarpals/metatarsals 5. saddle: between the trapezium & the metacarpal of the thumb 6. ball & socket: shoulder & hip joints |
|
|
