Term
|
Definition
| contractile, excitible, extensible, and elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
|
|
Term
| voluntary striated muscle that you consciously control the movement of. found in all limbs and body walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involuntary striated muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. found only in the walls of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involuntary, non-striated muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. found in the walls of blood vessels and hollow internal organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibrous CT (primarily collagen fibers) that surrounds and seperates muscles in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a cord like fascial extension at end of the muscle attaching it to body by the intermingling of collagen fibers with those of the periosteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| broad sheet like arrangement of fascia attaching muscle to muscle or bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the collagen fibers of the periosteum that insert into the underlying bone. The collagen fibers of tendons blend with those of the periosteum which in turn blend with these creating a contractile unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscles contract in response to ___ |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) |
|
|
Term
| the striated appearance of skeletal muscle is due to the arrangement of various ___ found within the ___ of the muscle |
|
Definition
| myofilaments; contractile units (sarcomeres) |
|
|
Term
| The smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell, extends from z line to z line |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle cells are ___ |
|
Definition
| long, multinucleated, cylindrical cells with peripheral nuclei. |
|
|
Term
| Each skeletal muscle cell (fiber) contains: |
|
Definition
| sarcoplasm, sarcolemma, satellite cells, sarcoplasmic reticulum, t tubules, myofibrils |
|
|
Term
| cytoplasm of muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasma membrane + basal lamina of muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found between plasma membrane and basal lamina. Are considered to be stem cells which can give rise to form new myoblasts that fuse to form skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. peripheral nuclei
2. muscle cell surrounded by its sarcolemma (peeled back)
3. sarcoplasm |
|
|
Term
| the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, composed of two parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two parts of sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| enlarged terminal cisternae (swollen sacs) that are connected by a smaller tubule system - sarcotubules |
|
|
Term
| Invaginations of muscle fiber cell membrane (sarcolemma) from the surface. Found between the terminal cisternae of adjacent sarcomeres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T tubules, the terminal cisternae,and adjacent sarcomeres taken together the 3 structural units are referred to as a __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aggregations of myofilaments that occupy the bolk of the cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these contractile units provide the movement exhibited by a muscle when it contracts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both the ___ and ___ penetrate the muscle cell and wrap around each myofibril |
|
Definition
| sarcoplasmic reticuulum, T-tubule system |
|
|
Term
| the penetration of the muscle cell and concurrent wrap around ensure that the ___ and the ___ are available for muscle contraction and that all the sarcomeres in each myofibril receive both |
|
Definition
| calcium; depolarization wave |
|
|
Term
| ___ is composed of bundles or fasiculi of muscle cells, surrounded by perimysium |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle (composition) |
|
|
Term
| ___ are composed of muscle cells (or fibers) , each surrounded by its own endomysium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is composed of myofibrils contained within its sarcolemma of each cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are made up of actin and myosin or myofilaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle cells contract because the thinner ___ slide in over the thicker ____, pulling the ___ behind them and thereby shorten the sarcomere |
|
Definition
| actin myofilaments; myosin filaments; z lines |
|
|
Term
| while each ____ shortens a miniscule amount, by multiplying that by millions the muscle contracts markedly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pass inward from the deep fascia of the limb to compartmentalize the muscles - generally into groups with a similar function and/ or innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dense connective tissue surrounding entire muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surrounds bundles of fibers or fascicles; pathway for blood vessels into muscle tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delicate, loose CT, investing each muscle fiber (cell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each muscle cell make contract with a nerve ending at the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the depression the ___ sits on the muscle fiber that is the ___ |
|
Definition
| synaptic knob; motor end plate |
|
|
Term
| one nerve ending and all the muscle cells it contracts is a _____ |
|
Definition
| motor unit or neuromotor unit |
|
|
Term
| the ratio of ____ delineates a delicate from a non-delicate muscle |
|
Definition
| nerve fibers to muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle cells are often referred to as ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle is incapable of ___ and have no ___, so there is no regeneration after injury |
|
Definition
| division; satellite cells |
|
|
Term
| ____ are specialized junctional connections between adjacent cardiocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intercalated disks are composed of two main structural elements: |
|
Definition
| desmosomes and gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| intercalated discs occur at the ____ |
|
Definition
| z lines of the cardiac muscle sarcomere |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle is ___ to contract than skeletal muscle and stays ____ |
|
Definition
| slower; contracted much longer |
|
|
Term
| 2 arrangements of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, can exhibit gap junctions, no t-tubules |
|
|
Term
| locations of smooth muscles |
|
Definition
| in walls of blood vessels (except heart), in walls of hollow organs (urinary bladder), in organized layers in the walls of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive and reproductive tracts |
|
|
Term
| this pattern of repeated contractions is displayed by smooth muscle, and results from self exciting fibers which spreads to adjacent cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one example of rhythmaticity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collagen fiber extensions on the ends of tendons which insert into the bone itself |
|
|
Term
| What type(s) of muscle are non-striated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a motor end plate |
|
Definition
| terminal branches of an axon + the muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter used by all skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a motor end plate and a (neuro)motor unit? |
|
Definition
| a neuromotor unit is one neuron and the muscle cells it contacts motor end plates are terminal branches of an axon where it contacts the muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of myofilaments found in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type(s) of muscle are voluntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an intercalated disk |
|
Definition
| specailized junctional connections between adjacent cardiocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of intercalated disks |
|
Definition
| 1. help to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the heart 2. forms a bridge linking cells together so they all pull as a unit 3. allows for direct electrical connections of all cells |
|
|
Term
| compare and contrast smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| 1. skeletal = striated, smooth nonstriated 2. skeletal = multinucleated, smooth = single nucle 3. skeletal = voluntary, smooth = involuntary 4. skeletal has t tubules, smooth does not |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of the two different arrangements of smooth muscle found? |
|
Definition
| multiunit: iris of the eye, blood vessel walls visceral: walls of hollow organs, ie. bladder, uterus, stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternate contracations and relaxations of smooth muscle around tubular organs |
|
|
Term
| basic characteristics of smooth muscle cells |
|
Definition
| small no t tubules poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum tapered ends single, oval shaped nucleus capable of cell division randomly arranged actin and myosin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. dilated terminal cisterna
2. sarcotubules
3. Triad
4. myofibrils made up of contractile units (sarcomeres)
5. T tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. myofibril
2. sarcomere
3. z line
4. A band
5. I band |
|
|
Term
| the axial musculature contains muscles that are ___ |
|
Definition
| associated with the axial skeleton |
|
|
Term
| most of the axial musculature are organized into groups that are ___ |
|
Definition
| either coordinated to contract together to accomplish a particular movement, or function to produce some sort of action. |
|
|
Term
| axial muscle groups start in the ___ all the way down to the ____ |
|
Definition
| head; perineum (region between your legs) |
|
|
Term
| muscles of the head can be divided into two sub-groups: |
|
Definition
| muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication |
|
|
Term
| what are the muscles of facial expression |
|
Definition
| frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major, depressor anguli oris, and platysma |
|
|
Term
| the two ____ muscles are sphincters that act to ____ |
|
Definition
| orbicularis; tightly close the eye or the mouth |
|
|
Term
| describe why the other muscles are named the muscles of facial expression |
|
Definition
| the remaining numerous muscles act on various regions of the face to elevate or depress. None of these muscles have tendons, they insert from the bones of the skull directly into the skin of the face. |
|
|
Term
| muscles of facial expression all receive motor innervation from _____ |
|
Definition
| branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) |
|
|
Term
| this muscle closes the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this facial muscle closes the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this muscle elevates the eyebrow, wrinkles forehead |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this muscle elevates the corner of the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this muscle depresses the corner of the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this muscle tenses the skin and fascia of the neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| The 4 muscles of mastication act directly on the ____ |
|
Definition
| mandible for chewing (mastication |
|
|
Term
| all of the muscles of mastication close and protract the mandible except for ___ which ____ |
|
Definition
| temporalis; closes and retracts the mandible |
|
|
Term
| the muscles of mastication are all innervated by the _____ |
|
Definition
| 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)-V3 |
|
|
Term
| Name the Extraocular muscles |
|
Definition
Rectus muscles: lateral rectus (LR), medial rectus, superior rectus, and inferior rectus
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique |
|
|
Term
| These mescles act on the eyeball, moving it around within the bony orbit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation of the extraocular muscles |
|
Definition
LR6 (SO4)3
The lateral rectus is innervated by the 6th cranial nerve-the abducens; the superior oblique is innervated by the 4th cranial nerve- the trochlear; all the other muscles are innervated by the 3rd cranial nerve - the occulomotor |
|
|
Term
| the key muscle of the neck is the ____. It divides the neck into two triangles, the anterior and posterior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the muscles that are attached to the hyoid bone are divided into two groups: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those strap like muscles above the hyoid bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strap like muscles below the hyoid bone |
|
|
Term
| suprahyoids and infrahyoids aid in: |
|
Definition
| swallowing and also can move the larynx superiorly. |
|
|
Term
| a loop of cervical nerves located in the neck: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thoracic wall is composed of 3 layers superficial to deep: |
|
Definition
| external intercostals, internal intercostals, innermost intercostals |
|
|
Term
| the three layers of the thoracic wall are found ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The innervation of the muscles of the thoracic wall is directly from the ____ at each level, and they function in ____ |
|
Definition
| ventral ramus of the spinal nerve; elevating the ribs during respiration |
|
|
Term
| muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall |
|
Definition
3 layers: external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis |
|
|
Term
| muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall are innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
| ventral rami of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall function to ____ |
|
Definition
| compress the abdominal viscera |
|
|
Term
| Name the superficial muscles of the back |
|
Definition
| splenius capitis, levator scapulae, rhomboids, trapezius |
|
|
Term
| Name the deep muscles of the back |
|
Definition
| erector spine, serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior |
|
|
Term
| postural muscles responsible for flexing/extending the spine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the deep muscles of the back are innervated ______ |
|
Definition
| segmentally by the dorsal ramus of each spinal nerve they cross |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves innervate the muscles of facial expression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the muscles of mastication are the muscles of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bone do the muscles of mastication act on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the extraocular muscles control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key landmark of the neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into: |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior triangles |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of muscles of the thoracic wall |
|
Definition
| external intercostals internal intercostals innermost intercostals |
|
|
Term
| What structure separate the inner 2 layers of the muscles of the thoracic wall? |
|
Definition
| intercostal veins, arteries and nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is the muscle in the midline of the anterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. frontalis
2. orbicularis oculi
3. orbicularis oris
4. zygomaticus major
5. depressor anguli oris
6. platysma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. temporalis
2. masseter
3. lateral pterygoid
4. medial pterygoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. external oblique
2. internal oblique
3. transverus abdominis
4. rectus abdominis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. splenius capitis
2. levator scapulae
3. rhomboids
4. trapezius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. erector spinae
2. serratus posterior superior
3. serratus posterior inferior |
|
|
Term
| criteria used to name skeletal muscles |
|
Definition
1. location
2.relative position
3. shape
4. size of the muscle
5. direction of the fascicles
6. location of attachments
7. number of origins
8. actions
9. Putting the criteria together |
|
|
Term
| the ___ attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ attaches to the anterior aspect of the medial border of the scapula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior both act to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ attaches to the spine of the scapula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the serratus anterior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the trapezius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ attach to the medial border of the scapula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ attaches to the superior aspect of the medial border of the scapula and ____ it. |
|
Definition
| levator scapulae; elevates |
|
|
Term
| the rhomboids and trapezius ___ the scapula. Trapezius can also ___ the scapula |
|
Definition
| retract and elevate; depress |
|
|
Term
| ___ muscles cross the shoulder joint to insert on the humerus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ and the ____ bear the primary role for attaching the upper limb to the trunk |
|
Definition
| pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi |
|
|
Term
| the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi ____ and ____ the humerus |
|
Definition
| adducts; medially rotates |
|
|
Term
| the ___ wraps around the top of the shoulder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the deltoid is innervated by the ___ and it raises the upper limb to ___ |
|
Definition
| axillary nerve; 90 degrees |
|
|
Term
| The ___ is a superficial flexor of the elbow and major supinator of the forearm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ also attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both the biceps and the coracobrachialis are innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rotator cuff is composed of the tendons from 4 scapular muscles: name them and their innervations |
|
Definition
tendons innervations
supraspinatus suprascapular nerve
infraspinatus suprascapular nerve
teres minor axillary nerve
subscapularis subscapular nerve |
|
|
Term
| the tendon of the ___ is the most commonly damaged component of the rotator cuff |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The elbow and forearm exhibit 4 motions: |
|
Definition
| flexion/extension and supination/pronation |
|
|
Term
| the prime movers for the flexion of the forearm are the ___ and the ____. they are both innervated by the _____. |
|
Definition
| biceps brachii; brachialis muscles; musculocutaneous nerve |
|
|
Term
| the prime mover for the extension of the arm and forearm is the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the triceps brachii is innervated by the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| while the biceps is a major supinator, the remaining ___ and both ____ have bellies in the forearm |
|
Definition
| supinator; pronator muscles |
|
|
Term
| the pronator teres and the pronator quadratus are innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
| median nerve of the brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| the supinator is innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm are ____ that arise from a common flexor site on the humerus |
|
Definition
| flexors of the wrist and fingers |
|
|
Term
| innervation of most of the muscles acting on the wrist and hand come from the ____ |
|
Definition
| median nerve (muscles on the thumb side) and ulnar nerve (muscles on the little finger side) |
|
|
Term
| the brachiradialis is innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the anterior compartment - superficial layer of the muscles acting on the wrist and hand contain what muscles: |
|
Definition
| flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis |
|
|
Term
| the ____(flexor of the wrist on the thumb side_ is a powerful wrist flexor that also pulls the hand away from the midline (abduction). It is innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
| flexor carpi radialis; median nerve (thumb side) |
|
|
Term
| the ____ (flexor of the wrist on the little finger side) is a powerful wrist flexor that also pulls the hand toward the midline (adduction).It is innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
| flexor carpi ulnaris; ulnar nerve (little finger side) |
|
|
Term
| the ___ weakly flexes the wrist but tenses the palmar aponeurosis. It is innervated by the ____ |
|
Definition
| palmaris longus; median nerve (thumb side) |
|
|
Term
| The ____ flexes the wrist and is innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
| flexor digitorum superficialis; median nerve |
|
|
Term
| The deep layer of the anterior compartment of the muscles acting on the wrist and hand contain two deep flexors: |
|
Definition
| flexor pollicis longus and the flexor digitorum profundus |
|
|
Term
| the flexor policis longus is innervated by the ___, and the flexor digitorum profundis is innervated from ____. |
|
Definition
| median nerve; both the madian and ulnar nerves |
|
|
Term
| the muscles that make up the posterior compartment - superficial layer of the muscles acting on the wrist and hand are: |
|
Definition
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ularis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
all are innervated by the radial nerve |
|
|
Term
the deep layer of the posterior compartment contains one muscle that extends the index finger, the ___, and three that act on the thumb:
all these are innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
| extensor indicis; abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis; radial nerve |
|
|
Term
| the ____ assis the flexors and extensors of the forearm and make finger movements more precise |
|
Definition
| intrinsic muscles of the hand |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 groups of intrinsic muscles |
|
Definition
| thenar, hypothenar, midpalmar |
|
|
Term
| list the 4 thenar muscles and their innervation |
|
Definition
abductor pollicis brevis - median nerve
adductor pollicis - ulnar nerve
flexor pollicis brevis - median nerve
opponens pollicis - median nerve |
|
|
Term
| three muscles of the hypothenar, all are innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
| abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi; ulnar nerve |
|
|
Term
| the midpalmar muscles span the hollow of the palm and include the: |
|
Definition
| dorsal interossei, palmar interossei, lumbrical |
|
|
Term
| what are the innervations of the midpalmar muscles? |
|
Definition
| these are all innervated by the ulnar nerve except for the 1st and 2nd lumbricals, which are innervated by the median nerve |
|
|
Term
| the roof of the carpal tunnel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what passes under the roof of the carpal tunnel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes carpal tunnel syndrome |
|
Definition
| compression of the median nerve in this relatively narrow space that results in pain and wasting of the thenar muscles |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles that act on the scapula and anchor to the anterior body wall. What is their action |
|
Definition
| pectoralis minor and serratus anterior protract the scapula |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles that act on the scapula and anchor to the posterior body wall. What is their action? |
|
Definition
| trapezius elevates, retracts and protracts the scapula; rhomboids retract the scapula; levator scapulae elevates scapula. |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles that act on the humerus |
|
Definition
| pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, teres major, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, rotator cuff |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles of the rotator cuff. State the innervation of each |
|
Definition
| Supraspinatus and infraspinatus are innervated by the suprascapular nerve. The teres minor is innervated by the axillary n. Subscapularis is innervated by subscapular n. |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles that act on the forearm and that have bellies in the arm? What is their innervation? |
|
Definition
| biceps brachii, brachialis are innervated by musculocutaneous n.; triceps brachii is innervated by radial n. |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles that act on the forearm and that have bellies in the forearm? What is their innervation? |
|
Definition
| pronator teres and pronator quadratus are innervated by median n.; supinator is innervated radial n.; |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. What is their common action? What is their innervation? |
|
Definition
| flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus all serve as flexors; flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus are innervated by median n; flexor carpi ulnar is innervated ulnar n. |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. What is their common action? What is their innervation? |
|
Definition
| flexor pollicis longus (median n); flexor digitorum profundus (median and ulnar n.) |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. What is their common action? What is their innervation? |
|
Definition
| extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi; all serve as extensors of wrist and fingers ; all innervated by radial n. |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. What is their common action? What is their innervation? |
|
Definition
| abductor pollicis longus (abducts thumb), extensor pollicis longus and brevis (extends the thumb); all are innervated by radial n. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pectoralis minor
2. serratus anterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. trapezius
2. levator scapulae
3. rhomboids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. deltoid
2. pectoralis major
3. latissimus dorsi
4. teres major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. long head of the biceps
2. short head of the biceps
3. coracobrachialis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. supraspinatus
2. infraspinatus
3. teres minor
4. subscapularis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. supraspinatus
2. infraspinatus
3. teres minor
4. subscapularis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. biceps brachii
2. brachialis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. supinator
2. pronator teres
3. pronator quadratus
4. supinator
5. biceps brachii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. flexor carpi radialis
2. palmaris longus
3. flexor carpi ulnaris
4. palmar aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. flexor digitorum superficialis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. flexor pollicis longus
2. flexor digitorum profundus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. extensor carpi ulnaris
2. extensor digiti minimi
3. extensor carpi radialis longus
4. extensor carpi radialis brevis
5. extensor digitorum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. extensor pollicis longus
2. extensor indicis
3. abductor pollicuis longus
4. extensor pollicis brevis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hypothenar
2. midpalmar
3. thenar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. abductor pollicis
2. flexor pollicis brevis
3. abductor pollicis brevis
4. opponens pollicis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. flexor digiti mimini brevis
2. abductor digiti minimi
3. opponens digiti minimi |
|
|
Term
| Name the muscles anteriorly that act on the hip and femur. State their innervation and action. |
|
Definition
| iliacus, psoas major, iliopsoas all flex the hip joint; iliacus innervates femoral n. while psoas major is innervated by lumbar plexus. |
|
|
Term
| Name the muscles found laterally that act on the hip and femur. State their innervation and action. |
|
Definition
| tensor fascia lata tightens the IT band and braces the knee joint (innervated by sup gluteal n.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the iliotibial band? |
|
Definition
| thickening of the fascia latae |
|
|
Term
| List the three gluteal muscles and give their innervation and action? |
|
Definition
| gluteus maximus (inf gluteal n.; extension of thigh at the hip); gluteus medius and minimus (sup gluteal n.; abduction and medial rotation of femur) |
|
|
Term
| List the short rotators of the thigh. What is their innervation and action? |
|
Definition
| piriformis, superior and inferior gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris all laterally rotate the femur and are innervated by the sacral plexus. |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh. State their innervation and their general action. |
|
Definition
| adductor longus, brevis and magnus, gracilis, pectineus (innervated by obturator n.); action is adduction of the thigh. |
|
|
Term
| List the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh. State their innervation and their general action. |
|
Definition
| sartorius and quadriceps femoris extend the leg and are innervated by the femoral n |
|
|
Term
| list the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. State their innervation and their general action. |
|
Definition
| Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and fibularis tertius. All are innervated by the deep fibular nerve and dorsiflex the ankle. |
|
|
Term
| list the muscles of the superficial layer of the plantar surface of the foot. state their innervation and their general action. |
|
Definition
| flexor digitorum brevis (medial plantar n), abductor hallucis (medial plantar n), abductor digiti minimi (lateral plantar n) |
|
|
Term
| list the muscles of the second layer of the foot. state their innervation and their general action |
|
Definition
| quadratus plantae (lateral plantar n); 1st lumbrical (medial plantar n) ;2nd-4th lumbricals (lateral plantar n). |
|
|
Term
| list the muscles of the third layer of the foot. State their innervation and their general action. |
|
Definition
| adductor hallucis adducts the big toe, or the 1st digit (lateral plantar n), flexor digiti minimi brevis flexes the little toe, or 5th digit (lateral plantar n), flexor hallucis brevis flexes the great toe, or 1st digit (medial plantar n). |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of the back referred to as a group? |
|
Definition
| Splenius capitis, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, trapezius. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the muscles of the back? |
|
Definition
| flex the spine, provide support for posture |
|
|
Term
| What movements are exhibited by the upper limb as a result of the muscles of the pectoral girdle. |
|
Definition
| Erector spinae, serratus posterior inferior, serratus posterior superior. |
|
|
Term
| Deep fibular nerve Damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. iliacus
2. iliopsoas
3. psoas major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. tensor fascia lata
2. iliotibial band |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. gluteus medius
2. gluteus minimus
3. gluteus maximus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. piriformis
2. superior gemellus
3. obturator internus
4. inferior gemellus
5. quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. semi-membraneosus
2. semi-tendinosus
3. biceps femoris
3.1 long head
3.2 short head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pectineus
2. adductor magnus
3. adductor brevis
4. adductor longus
5. gracilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vastus lateralis
2. quadriceps tendom
3. patellar ligament
4. sartorius
5. rectus femoris
6. vastus medialis
7. patella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. superficial posterior compartment
2. deep posterior compartment
3. lateral compartment
4. anterior compartment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. extensor digitorum longus
2. tibialis anterior
3. extensor retinacula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. plantaris
2. gastrocnemius
3. soleus
4. calcaneal (achilles) tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. flexor digitorum longus
2. tibialis posterior
3. flexor hallucis longus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fibularis longus
2. fibularis brevis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. abductor digiti minimi
2. flexor digitorum brevis
3. abductor hallucis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lumbricals (4)
2. quadratus plantae
3. tendon of flexor digitorum longus
4. tendon of flexor hallucis longus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. adductor hallucis
2. flexor digiti minimi brevis
3. flexor hallucis brevis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the blood vessel wall? |
|
Definition
| 1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| What are the components common to each layer of the blood vessel wall? |
|
Definition
| 1. tunica intima: simple squamous eptithelium, elastic layer 2. tunica media: smooth muscle, elastic CT 3. tunica adventitia: thin layer of elastic and collagen CT |
|
|
Term
| How do elastic arteries differ from muscular arteries? |
|
Definition
| elastic arteries are more proximal in location and have more elastic tissue in the tunica media, muscular arteries have proportionally more smooth muscle in their tunica media and less elastic tissue |
|
|
Term
| What does the variable thickness of layers in arterial walls reflect? |
|
Definition
| the variable thickness reflects how much pressure the arteries are able to withstand, the arterial side of circulation is under much greater pressure than the venous side |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of arterial walls exhibits the greatest variation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do arterioles differ from muscular arteries? |
|
Definition
| arterioles differ in the amount of smooth muscle present, arterioles have less than 5 layers of smooth muscle in their walls |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of a capillary? |
|
Definition
| a single layer of squamous epithelium and a basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| How do the two types of capillaries differ? |
|
Definition
| type I: continuous, endothelial cells form a complete tube type II: fenestrated, the endothelial cells have large gaps (fenestrae) in them....thereby increasing the ‘leakiness’ of the capillary |
|
|
Term
| Where would you find an example of each type of capillary and why? |
|
Definition
| type I: most common type, found in skeletal muscle type II: found where large amounts of filtration must occur, ie. in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Which vessels of the vascular system exhibit valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of valves in the vascular system? |
|
Definition
| permit unidirectional flow (prevent backflow) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 divisions of the circulatory system and the function of each? |
|
Definition
| 1. coronary: provides oxygenated blood to the heart muscle 2. portal: takes venous blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing 3. pulmonary: oxygenates systemic blood returned to the heart 4. systemic: delivers oxygenated blood to all of the organs of the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of the pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
| body > right atrium > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > lung tissue > pulmonary veins > left atrium |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of coronary circulation anastomosis between left and right coronary arteries: |
|
Definition
1. on the posterior surface of the heart
2. within the interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| Portal circulation; blood from the gastrointestinal tract is filtered through the liver to: |
|
Definition
1. remove wastes absorbed by the gut
2. store nutrients in liver |
|
|
Term
| 3 veins that drain the intestinal tract join together to form the portal vein: |
|
Definition
1. splenic vein
2. inferior mesenteric vein
3. superior mesenteric vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. right coronary artery
2. marginal artery
3. anterior interventricular artery
4. circumflex coronary artery
5. left coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary Circulation: Low O2 blood: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary Circulation: High O2 blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the smooth muscle in the tunica media is innervated by the ___ |
|
Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation causes contraction known as: |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction (narrowing of lumen) |
|
|
Term
| lack of sympathetic stimulation causes___ |
|
Definition
| vasodilation (widening of the lumen) |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic system is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic is the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of arteries |
|
Definition
1. carry blood away from the hear
2. elastic to handle high pressure
3. branch to form arterioles |
|
|
Term
| control blood distribution to various regions of the body by contracting or relaxing their smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| capillaries contain ____ to regulate flow into capillary bed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| capillary filtration forces formation of tissue fluid in interstitial space, results from _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ carry blood towards the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer - fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium), myocardium, endocardium - inner |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the pericardial sac? |
|
Definition
| 1. fibrous layer 2. serous layer |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pericardial sac attach superiorly and inferiorly? |
|
Definition
| superiorly - roots of great vessels inferiorly - central tendon of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| in what region of the thorax is the heart and its pericardial sac located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the apex of the heart projects in what direction(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. subclavian artery
2. brachiocephalic artery
3. subclavian artery
4. vertebral artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. internal jugular vein
2. internal jugular vein
3. subclavian vein
4. brachiocephalic vein
5. inferior vena cava
6. superior vena cava
7. subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus
2. aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. right auricle
2. right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. superior vena cava
2. right auricle
3. right atrium
4. inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. left auricle
2. pulmonary trunk
3. right ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. aorta
2. left coronary artery
3. left auricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. coronary sinus
2. superior vena cava
3. right atrium
4. inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. left atrium
2. pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pulmonary trunk
2. aorta
3. pericardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fibrous layer
2. central tendon of diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. parietal
2. visceral
3. pericardial cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Right coronary artery
2. marginal artery
3. anterior interventricular artery
4. circumflex coronary artery
5. left coronary artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right Atrium:
1. crista terminalis
2. musculi pectiati
3. fossa ovalis
4. sinus venarum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right Ventricle
1. tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
2. chordae tendinae
3. papillary muscles
4. septo marginal trabecula
5. trabeculae carneae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right Ventricle
1. conus arteriosus
2. pulmonary valve
3. supra ventricular crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. left auricle
2. pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. left atrioventricular valve
2. trabeculae carneae
3. papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
| groove that contains the RCA, the RCA supplies the cardiac muscle of the right ventricle with blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delivers venous blood from head, neck, and upper limbs to right atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delivers venous blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs to the right atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carries venous blood from the body from right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| supplies the cardiac muscle of the left ventricle with blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drain and return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vein that drains most veinous blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| groove that contains the coronary sinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| double walled fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reflects onto heart= epicardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| encircles the heart, seperates the atria from the ventricles on the outside of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receives superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. receives almost all venous blood from the heart muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heart chamber that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood out to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms most of the base of the heart, thicker wall than right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| long, finger like extension of the left atrium; covers the left coronary artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trace the pathway of impulse conduction in the heart |
|
Definition
| 1. SA node, 2. walls of atria, 3. AV node, 4. AV bundle, 5. papillary muscles, 6. ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What cells comprise the bundle of His |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What general CT components does blood consist of? |
|
Definition
| cells and amorphous ground substance, no fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the three cellular elements in blood? |
|
Definition
| 1. erythrocytes (RBCs) 2. thrombocytes (platelets) 3. leukocytes (WBCs) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| to bind and deliver oxygen and to bind and remove carbon dioxide from body tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of thrombocytes? |
|
Definition
| secrete serotonin (vasoconstrictor) and to form clots |
|
|
Term
| What are the two categories of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three subcategories of granular leukocytes |
|
Definition
| 1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils |
|
|
Term
| What are the two subcategories of agranular leukocytes |
|
Definition
| 1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of each type of granular leukocytes |
|
Definition
| 1. neutrophils: phagocytose bacteria 2. eosinophils: phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes and kill larval parasytic worms 3. basophils: secrete heparin & histamine |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of each type of agranular leukocyte |
|
Definition
| 1. lymphocyte: form antibodies and act directly on antigens 2. monocytes: act as macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What are the major hemopoietic tissues in the body? |
|
Definition
| 1. bone marrow 2. spleen 3. lymph nodes 4. thymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pulmonary trunk
2. aorta
3. right atrioventricular valve
4. left atrioventricular valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. left atrioventricular valve cusps
2. right atrioventricular valve cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. right atrium
2. tricuspid valve
3. right ventricle
4. left atrium
5. bicuspid valve
6. left ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pulmonary semilunar valve cusps
2. aortic semilunar valve cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. aorta
2. superior vena cava
3. right pulmonary veins
4. right atrium
5. right AV (tricuspid) valve
6. right ventricle
7. inferior vena cava
8. left pulmonary artery
9. pulmonary truck
10. left pulmonary veins
11. left atrium
12. left AV (bicuspid) valve
13. aortic valve
14. left ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle, bundle of His) |
|
|
Term
| annulus (ring) around aorta/pulmonary trunk and cuspid valves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right atrioventricular valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left atrioventricular valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood flows from right atrium into right ventricle and from left atrium into left ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood flows from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk and from left ventricle into aorta |
|
|
Term
| the ___ function is to coordinate events occurring during the cardiac cycle, and is composed of specialized cardiac muscle tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pacemaker of the heart; group of self-excitable muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delays impulse for split second |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 1st sound, the lub, is ____ |
|
Definition
| when the AV valves are closing during ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| the 2nd sound, the dub, is ___ |
|
Definition
| when the semilunar valves are closing during ventricular relaxation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the functions of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| Transports fluid form interstitial space black to blood-stream. Returns proteins that have leaked out into interstitial space. Transports foreign particles |
|
|
Term
| Describe the flow of lymph from the interstitial space to the subclavian vein |
|
Definition
| interstitial spaces->lymphatic capillaries>lymphatic vessels>lymph nodes>lymph trunks>collecting ducts>subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
| identify the sites of lymphopoiesis |
|
Definition
| tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| what are the two regions of the lymphatic nodule? |
|
Definition
| Germinal center and corona |
|
|
Term
| what is occuring in the corona region? |
|
Definition
| B lymphocytes (cells) are differentiating into plasma cells to secrete an antibody to the antigen that caused the B cells to congregate in this region. |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 aggregations of unencapsulated lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
| Tonsils, Peyers patches, and appendix |
|
|
Term
| Identify the 3 tonsils and their locations |
|
Definition
| Palatine: on the lateral aspects of the oropharynx; pharyngeal: the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; lingual: posterior 1/3 of the tongue. |
|
|
Term
| Which tonsils are flushed? |
|
Definition
| Palatine have crypts that are not flushed; lingual have crypts that are flushed and pharyngeal have no crypts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aggregations of lymphatic tissue in the oro- and nasopharynx that form a ring around the opening of the digestive and respiratory tracts. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the thymus located? |
|
Definition
| In the thoracic cavity just behind the sternum and in front of the heart (anterior mediastinum). |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the thymus after puberty? |
|
Definition
| It involutes - turns into fat and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What hormone is produced by the thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 regions compose the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of each region of the spleen |
|
Definition
| Red pulp: removes aging and defective red blood cells from the circulation and recycles the hemoglobin. White pulp: participates in the immune reactions (having B and T cells). |
|
|
Term
| Where is the spleen located? |
|
Definition
| In the abdominal cavity on the left side just behind the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functions of a lymph node? |
|
Definition
| 1. To filter lymph of particulate matter 2. produce antibodies againts antigens circulating in the lymph. |
|
|
Term
| What structures enter and leave a lymph node at the hilus? |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels enter and leave at the hilus as well as efferent (exiting) lymphatics only. |
|
|
Term
| Where do afferent lymphatics enter the lymph node? |
|
Definition
| They peirce the capsule randomly making the flow through the node unidirectional (as it only leaves at the hilus). |
|
|
Term
| How is the lymph node arranged structurally? |
|
Definition
| Into an outer cortex (filled with lymphoid nodules) and an inner medulla (filled with lymphatic sinusoids). At the junction of the cortex and medulla is a band called the T-cell dependent zone. While B cells comprise the cortex, T cells are found in this juxtamedullary zone. |
|
|
Term
| Where does lymph flow after it enters the node? |
|
Definition
| Lymph enters by piercing the capsule, flows into the subcapsular sinus and down the peritrabecular sinuses through the T-cell dependent zone into the medulla and out the hilus. Some lymph will percolate through the lymphoid nodules of the cortex and down into the medulla. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blind-ended lymphatic capillary |
|
|
Term
| Where are lacteals found? |
|
Definition
| in the center of the villi lining the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a lacteal? |
|
Definition
| they are specialized for absorption of lipids in the form of chylocmicrons |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinically important groups of superficial lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| 1. cervical* 2. axillary* 3. cubital 4. thoracic 5. inguinal* 6. pelvic 7. lumbar 8. abdominal * = most important |
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|
Term
| Why are the clinically important groups of superficial lymph nodes of concern? |
|
Definition
| swelling of these nodes indicates the presence of infection in the area/organ that drains to them. For example swelling of axillary nodes can be indicative of breast cancer. |
|
|
Term
| What body region does the right lymphatic duct drain? |
|
Definition
| the upper right thorax, right side of the head and neck, right upper limb |
|
|
Term
| What body region does the thoracic duct drain |
|
Definition
| the left head and neck, left upper limb, left side of thorax, abdomen and lower limbs |
|
|
Term
| Where and at what structure does the thoracic duct begin? |
|
Definition
| it begins at the cisternae chyli in the abdomen |
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|
Term
| Distinguish between the two types of immunity |
|
Definition
1. specific
2. non-specific |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of non-specific immunity? |
|
Definition
| 1. species resistance 2. mechanical barriers 3. chemical barriers 4. interferon 5. inflammation 6. phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| foreign substances to which lymphocytes respond |
|
|
Term
| What is cell-mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
| it is the direct interaction between invading cells and T-cells |
|
|
Term
| What cells make antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic cells directly attach and kill other cells. helper t cells help to activate defense mechanisms. memory t cells provide long lasting memory of an antigen. |
|
|
Term
| 2 main regions of lymph nodes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cortex is composed of ___ |
|
Definition
| lymphoid nodules (B cells) |
|
|
Term
| medulla is composed of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the structural and functional unit of lymphatic tissue is the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymphocytes are formed from ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agranular leukocytes are formed by a process called ____ |
|
Definition
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