Term
| What are the major nutrients in the body? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Others: vitamins and minerals |
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Term
| What is the usage and functon of Carbohydrates? |
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Definition
Gluse is a fuel used by cells to make ATP.
Carbs are the brain and muscle's fuel. |
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Term
| What is the use and function of Lipids in the body? |
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Definition
Absorb fat-solubable vitamins
Major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal mujscle
phospholipids are essential in myelin sheaths and cell membranes
functions: cushioning
insulating
energy |
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Term
| What is the usage and functions of proteins in the body? |
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Definition
Uses: Structural materials such as ketatin for hair/nails, collagen, elastin, and muscle proteins
Enzymes, some hormones
Amino acids build protein. |
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Term
| What is the function/usage of vitamins in the body? |
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Definition
Helps the body use nutrients
Functions as coenzymes/to help enzymes function properly.
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Term
| What is the usage/function of Minerals in the body? |
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Definition
Works with vitamins to ensure proper function.
Calcium, phosophorous, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium make up 4% of the body weight and are needed. |
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Term
| What are the sources of carbs? |
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Definition
Starch, sugars in fruits, sugarcane, sugar beets, honey, and milk
insoluble fiber
soluble fiber |
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Term
| What are the sources of lipids? |
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Definition
| Dietary: Triglycerides, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, cholesterol, essential fatty acids - linoleic and linolenic acid found in msot vegetable oil |
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Term
| What are the sources of protein? |
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Definition
| Dietary: Eggs, milk, fish and most meat. Legumes, nuts, and cereals contain incomplete proteins |
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Term
| What are the values of the amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
How are fat & water-soluble vitamins different?
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Definition
| Unlike water-soluble vitamins that need regular replacement in the body, fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues, and are eliminated much more slowly than water-soluble vitamins. |
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Term
| Why are vitamins and minerals important to the body? |
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Definition
Vitamins and minerals are sometimes called micronutrients. Our bodies need them, in small amounts, to support the chemical reactions our cells need to live. Different nutrients affect digestion, the nervous system, thinking, and other body processes.
Micronutrients can be found in many foods. Healthy people might be able to get enough vitamins and minerals from their food. People with HIV or another illness need more micronutrients to help repair and heal cells. Also, many medications can create shortages of different nutrients.
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Term
| Define anablism and catabolism. |
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Definition
Catabolism is the break down of substances for energy, an example of catabolism is the breakdown of glucose into ATP. Anabolism is the formation of substances that are needed within the body, an example of anabolism is the formation of muscle proteins from amino acids.
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Term
| What are the three stages of metabolism? |
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Definition
1. Digestion, absorption and transport to tissues.
2. Cellular processing (in cytoplasm of cell)
Synthesis of lipids, proteins, and glycogen,
or
Catabolism (glycolysis) into intermediates
3. Oxidative (mitochondrial) break down of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP. |
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Term
· Describe an oxidative-reduction (redox) reaction.
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Definition
Oxidation - gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions:
oxidized substances lose electrons and energy
reduced substances gain electrons and energy
Leo the Lion says GER: Lose Electrons Oxidation, Gain Electrons Reduction |
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Term
· What is the equation for carbohydrate metabolism?
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Definition
| C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP + HEAT |
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Term
Compare glycogenesis & glycogenolysis. When would the body need these? |
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Definition
They are basically opposites. Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen (GENESIS=beginning); glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (LYSIS=splitting).
During fight or flight. |
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Term
| What is the benefit of lipids? |
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Definition
| They are essential nutrients stored in the liver and fatty tissues. They help metabolism. They facilitate the absorption of fat soluble vitamins such as a, d, e, k. |
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Term
| How do the 2 parts of the lipid metabolism work? (glycerol pathway and fatty acid) |
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Definition
glycerol - glycerol is converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate. enters krebs cycle
fatty acid - fatty acids undergo beta oxidation which produces: two carbon acetic acid fragments; enters kreb cycle
reduced coenzymes; enter electron transport chain. |
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Term
| What is the role of the liver in metabolism? |
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Definition
The liver is involved in the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, splitting them into components the body can use with a series of chemical reactions. The role of the liver in metabolism also includes storage of chemical compounds the body needs to use in the future, like glycogen for energy. In addition, it takes the components it produces from the breakdown of various compounds and uses them to synthesize new ones.
Almost everything people ingest goes through the liver at some point during the process of metabolism. The liver turns useless compounds into useful ones, sequesters and eliminates toxins, and helps the body manage energy levels and regulate metabolic processes. One important component of the role of the liver in metabolism is in drug metabolism. Drugs absorbed through the gut will go through the liver, with the liver breaking them down into various byproducts. In drug overdoses, the liver becomes overloaded and cannot function anymore. With certain medications, the drug must be delivered via an alternate method to prevent it from being metabolized in the liver before it can take effect.
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Term
| Why is cholesterol important? |
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Definition
is required to build and maintain cell membranes; it regulates membrane fluidity over a wider range of temperatures. Some research indicates that cholesterol may act as an antioxidant. Cholesterol also aids in the manufacture of bile (which is stored in the gallbladder and helps digest fats), and is also important for the metabolism of fat soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E and K. It is the major precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D and of the various steroid hormones (which include cortisol and aldosterone in the adrenal glands, and the sex hormones progesterone, the various estrogens, testosterone, and derivatives).1
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Term
| Compare and contrast HDL AND LDL |
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Definition
HDL (high density lipoprotein) is the good cholesterol that removes lipids (fat) from your blood stream and transport them to the liver for excretion. LDL (low density lipoprotein) is the bad cholesterol that deposits lipids on your blood vessels causing atherosclerosis.
On the molecular level, HDL consists mainly of proteins with very little fat, whereas LDL consists mainly of fat with very little proteins.
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Term
| What is leptin and what does it do? |
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Definition
16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.
Leptin is a hormone (chemical messenger) in the body that is given off by our fat cells. More fat cells = more leptin. Leptin tells our brain that we're NOT HUNGRY.
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Term
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Definition
BMR - BASAL METABOLIC RATE. The energy body needs to perform the most essential activities. Changes depending on age/gender, temperature, stress, and surface area
TMR - Total Metabolic Rate: rate of kilocalorie consumption to fuel all ongoing activities |
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Term
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Definition
Elevated body temperature depresses hypothalamus. Heat stroke begins at 41 c
Heat exhausted from vigorous exercise (dehydrated and low blood pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
low body temperature; vital signs decrease
CAn progress to coma and death by cadiac arrested at 21 celsius |
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Term
| What is the usage and complication for B6? |
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Definition
Antibody formation
Comp: unstable gait, number feet, poor cord. |
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Term
| What is the usage and complication of B9? |
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Definition
Coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism.
Comp: mask signs of vitamin b12 deficiency. |
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Term
| What is the usage and complication of B12? |
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Definition
Maturation of RBCS
No comps known. |
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Term
| What is the usage and complication of Vit C? |
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Definition
Collegen synthesis, antioxidant, aids in detoxification, improves iron absorption.
Complications: Gastrointestinal upset, kidney stones. |
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Term
| What is the usage and complication of Vit D? |
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Definition
Absorption and use of calcium and phosphorous. Promotes bone growth.
Comp: brain, cardiovascular, and kidney damage. weight loss. |
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Term
| What is the usage and complication of Vit K? |
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Definition
Important in formation of blood clotting proteins.
Comp: Live damage/anemia. |
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