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Definition
| The cytosol or intracellular fluid (or cytoplasmic matrix) is the liquid found inside cells. In eukaryotes this liquid is separated by cell membranes from the contents of the organelles suspended in the cytosol, such as the mitochondrial matrix inside the mitochondrion. |
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Term
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Definition
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- liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid; "the body normally has about 15 quarts of extracellular fluid"
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- Extracellular fluid (ECF) usually denotes all body fluid outside of cells. The remainder is called intracellular fluid.
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Term
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Definition
Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. The interstitial fluid is found in the interstitial spaces, also known as the tissue spaces.
On average, a person has about 11 litres (2.4 imperial gallons) of interstitial fluid, providing the cells of the body with nutrients and a means of waste removal.
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Term
| What is an electrolyte? Example? |
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Definition
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A liquid or gel that contains ions and can be decomposed by electrolysis, e.g., that present in a battery
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The ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter
HCl is a strong electrolyte because it completely ionizes in solution. Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte because only a small amount of it will form H+ and acetate ions
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Term
| What is a nonelectrolyte? |
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Definition
A substance that dissolves in water to form a solution that is non-conducting.
and does without ionizing. Simple examples are polyhydroxy compounds like monosaccharides (glucose, fructose) and low MW polyethylene glycol (PEG). Inorganic salts would not be likely since they usually ionize (NaCl, KCl, CsBr). Sulfides of metal ions don't really dissolve at all (remain precipitates in solution). |
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Term
| What is an acid base? example? |
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Definition
acid: Containing acid or having the properties of an acid; in particular, having a pH of less than 7
base: Bases/alkalies or basic oxides are metal oxides that reacts with water to give alkalies like Na2O + H2O --> NaOH + H2,they also turn red acidified litmus solution into blue,and they make neutralization reaction with acids giving salt and water.
An example of an acid would be anything under 7 on the pH scale including, battery acid, vinegar, stomach acids, feminine wash(5.5), hydrochloric acid(HCl) and citric fruits.
An example of bases would be anything over 7 on the pH scale including, baking soda, milk of magnesia, ammonia, Sodium Hydroxide(NaOH) and lye.
And of course 7 on the scale is considered neutral and an example would be Pure water (Distilled
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Term
| What is a buffer? example? |
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Definition
A solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it. Buffers typically involve a weak acid or alkali together with one of its salts
One example is the blood. It's buffered mainly by H2CO3 (carbonic acid) and HCO3- (bicarbonate), both of which are produced through metabolic rxns and ion exchanges from cells in the renal (aka: kidney) tubules, even by the red blood cells themselves.
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Term
| What is a solute? Example? |
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Definition
A solute is the smaller part of a solution. The solute dissolves in the solvent
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Example? a solute is a substance that dissolves. (a solvent is a substance into which the solute dissolves.) A good example of a solute is sugar or salt, Both can be dissolved into water. Sugar does not dissolve, however, into oil, gasoline, or paint thinner because molecules of sugar are not nonpolar. However, with that being said, for a solvent, a good example is water. ie sugar dissolves into water. |
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Term
| How does the ICF & ECF concentration of sodium & potassium differ |
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Definition
| Although the ECF and ICF differ in terms of their ionic composition, their osmolarities are identical and no net movement of water occurs between the two. Alterations in the osmolarity of either compartment results in fluid shifts that eliminate the difference |
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Term
| How is water most lost from the body? |
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Definition
Water can be lost from the body in many ways (listed Below) the most finely controlled of which is urination. The human body ust urinate about 150ml of water to remove the urea is doesnt want, it doesnt matter how little you drink at least 150ml will be removed in urine. The control of how much water is lost comes from osmoreceptory in various blood vessels stimulatiing the release of Ant-Diuretic Hormone (ADH). ADH in turn stimulates more sweat to be reabsorbed in the skin, more water to be reabsorbed in the nephron of the kindeys and a higher intensity of thirst as well as other thing to save water.
Ways Water Is Lost: in Urine, in Fecease, in Sweat, in Air we breathe out, in Vomit, in external Bleeding.
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Term
| What is aldosterone? raises or lowers fluid balance? |
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Definition
Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and water and the release (secretion) of potassium ions in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys' functional unit, the nephron. This increases blood volume and, therefore, increases blood pressure
raises. |
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Term
| What are some disorders of water balance? |
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Definition
Hypotonic dehydration Fluid deficit associated with sodium deficiency. The low osmolality of the extracellular space produces a reduction of the extracellular volume.
Isotonic dehydration Deficiency of sodium and water. The extracellular volume is reduced and serum osmolality and intracellular volume are normal.
Hypertonic dehydration Water deficiency with elevation of serum osmolality and reduction of the extracellular volume. As a result of diffusion of water, the intracellular volume is also reduced and its osmolarity increased.
Hypotonic overhydration Excess of water, with elevation of extracellular and intracellular volumes. The osmolalities of serum and intracellular space are reduced.
Isotonic overhydration Excess of water and sodium. The serum osmolality is normal, the extracellular volume is elevated and the intracellular volume normal.
Hypertonic overhydration Sodium and fluid excess. Serum osmolality and extracellular volume are increased. As a result of diffusion, the intracellular volume is reduced and its osmolality elevated.
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Term
| Why are salts important in the body? Most abundant in body? |
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Definition
Salt sets off an osmosis movement in the body and adjusts the amount of fluids within and outside the cells. A healthy body processes the amount of salt it needs, and expels the rest through the kidneys.
The two elements of salt - sodium and chloride - play a vital role in body functions. Sodium helps in sending messages to and from the brain, regulates the body fluids and helps our muscles - including those of the heart - to contract.
Chloride preserves the acid-base balance of the body, absorbs potassium and helps the blood to carry carbon dioxide from respiratory tissues to the lungs
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NACL/sodium chloride.
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Term
Why is sodium important in maintaining water balance?
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Definition
Sodium is an important electrolyte and an essential ion present in the extra cellular fluid (ECF). The health benefits of sodium play a pivotal role in enzyme operation and muscle contraction. It is important for osmoregulation and fluid maintenance of the human body. Other health benefits of sodium include heart performance, nervous system and glucose absorption.
Sodium is the predominant ion and electrolyte, needed for the blood regulation in the human body. Serious impairment is caused due to the abrupt dysfunctioning of sodium. It is a versatile element and occurs in more than eighty forms. As an electrolyte, it regulates the body fluid and transmits electrical impulse in the body. Unlike minerals and vitamins, heat has no effect on sodium. Thus, it can be used for heat resistive processes. Also, it is an important constituent of nerves and helps in muscle contraction.
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Term
| What happens if sodium is retained? |
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Definition
Cardiac failure - in this state, the sodium concentration is often low, and the patient is oedematous. From this, we can infer that (1) water is being retained in excess of sodium, causing hyponatraemia, and (2) the body contains too much of both sodium and water, causing oedema. Sure enough, treatment involves water and salt restriction, and diuretics to promote water and salt loss.
Diarrhoea - the sodium level here can be low, normal or high depending on whether sodium is lost in excess of water or vice versa. For the sake of argument, let's say that in this patient the sodium is low. Regardless of the sodium level, however, the patient is certainly dehydrated. Therefore, unlike in cardiac failure, the treatment of hyponatraemic diarrhoea will include giving (not restricting) sodium and water (e.g. via intravenous normal saline).
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Term
| what happens if sodium is excreted? |
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Definition
| low sodium levels is referred to as hyponatremia. I |
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Term
| what is the importance of potassium in the body? |
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Definition
egulates heart function
Reduces blood pressure
Essential for protein and nucleid acid synthesis
Required for normal fluid balance
Fundamental for normal nerve and muscle function
Converts glucose into glycogen (muscle fuel)
Important role in kidney function
Helps lungs eliminate carbon dioxide
Needed to maintain acid/alkali balance
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Term
| What is the importance of calcium? |
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Definition
| More than ninety percent of the calcium in your body is found in your bones and teeth. The extra calcium is provided to your circulatory system. It is mixed in the bloodstream, which allows the proper contraction of your muscles and the regulation of the contractions of our heart. It also allows the proper nerve impulse transmission and in the clotting of the blood. For women, calcium’s role is also important, as it involves itself during childbirth, contributing to the contractions of the uterus. It is also an agent for the production of milk. |
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Term
| What is the acid-base balance of the body? |
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Definition
For human blood to remain healthy it must remain to some extent on the base side of neutral on the pH scale. Neutral on the pH scale is 7.0, which means the ideal acid-base balance of the body is slightly alkaline or approximately a pH of 7.4. The brain attempts to maintain this balance exactly through control of the lung respiration, kidney excretion and the body's natural buffering system.
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Term
| What are three buffer types? |
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Definition
There are three primary systems that regulate the H+
concentration in the body fluids to prevent acidosis or
alkalosis: (1) the chemical acid-base buffer systems of
the body fluids, which immediately combine with acid
or base to prevent excessive changes in H+ concentration;
(2) the respiratory center, which regulates the
removal of CO2 (and, therefore, H2CO3) from the
extracellular fluid; and (3) the kidneys, which can
excrete either acid or alkaline urine, thereby readjusting
the extracellular fluid H+ concentration toward
normal during acidosis or alkalosis.
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