Term
| • Structure of receptors (Olfactory) |
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Definition
| – Located in nasal epithelium in superior portion of nasal cavity |
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Term
• Olfactory Sensations
– Consists of 3 kinds of cells |
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Definition
| • Supporting• Olfactory• Basal |
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Term
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Definition
| columnar epithelial cells of mucus membrane lining nose |
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Term
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Definition
| bipolar neurons, dendrite terminates in swelling (olfactory vescicle) from which 6-8 cilia (olfactory hairs) radiate |
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Term
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Definition
| lie between supporting cells; produce new olfactory cells |
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Term
| – Beneath epithelium are olfactory... |
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Definition
| olfactory (Bowman’s) glands that produce mucus |
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Term
| – Supporting cells and olfactory glands are innervated by |
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Definition
| by facial nerve(facial nerve 7, Olfactory nerve is 1) |
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Term
| – Characteristics of substance to be smelled |
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Definition
• Volatile (gas)
• Water-soluble (dissolve in mucus)
• Lipid-soluble (to reach hairs) |
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Term
| stimulation of olfactory hairs causes |
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Definition
| a generator potential followed by nerve impulse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| – Taste buds are oval bodies consisting of 3 types of cells |
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Definition
| • Supporting• Gustatory (taste) receptor cells • Basal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized epithelium forming a capsule that contains 4-20 gustatory cells |
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Term
| • Gustatory (taste) receptor cells |
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Definition
| - contains hairlike process (gustatory hair) that projects to external surface through opening in taste bud called taste pore |
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Term
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Definition
| produce supporting and gustatory cells (average life span 10 days) |
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Term
| – Taste buds are found in elevations on tongue called |
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Definition
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Term
| – Substances make contact with gustatory hair causing a |
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Definition
| generator potential which then initiates nerve impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| Umami-savoring (MSG-has a lot of!!), bitter (back), salt (front sides), sweet (tip), sour (sides) and all other tastes are fusion of these or olfactory stimulation (ex. Better smell, better taste!) |
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Term
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Definition
| – Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X supply the tongue and throat region |
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Term
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Definition
• Protective and cosmetic
• Sebaceous glands at base of hair follicles are sebaceous ciliary glands or glands of Zeis (infection is sty) |
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Term
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Definition
| shade eyes during sleep, protect eyes from excessive light and foreign objects, and spread lubricating secretion over eyeballs |
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Term
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Definition
| • Lined with mucus membrane that continues over surface of eyeball (conjunctiva) |
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Term
| • Opening between eyelids is |
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Definition
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Term
| • Corners where upper and lower eyelids join |
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Definition
| medial and lateral commissure |
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Term
| • Small, reddish elevation in medial commissure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Produces and drains tears
• Consists of lacrimal glands, excretory lacrimal ducts, lacrimal canals, lacrimal sacs, and nasolacrimal ducts |
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Term
• Coats of eyeball
– Fibrous tunic |
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Definition
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Term
– Fibrous tunic - outer coat
• Consists of |
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Definition
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Term
| • Junction of sclera and cornea contains |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| middle layer composed of choroid, ciliary body (made up of ciliary process and ciliary muscle), and iris |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| • Contains rod and cone receptor cells |
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Term
| • Three layers of retinal neurons include |
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Definition
| photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer, and ganglion cell layer |
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Term
| • Two other types of cells found are |
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Definition
| horizontal cells and amacrine cells (form laterally directed pathways modifying signals transmitted along the pathway from photoreceptors to ganglion cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| place where optic nerve exits eye (blind spot) |
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Term
| • Fovea centralis (central fovea) |
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Definition
| point of sharpest focus, contains only cone cells |
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Term
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Definition
| fovea and is exact center of posterior portion of retina |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of proteins called crystallins and held in place by suspensory ligaments |
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Term
| – Anterior (in front of lens) |
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Definition
| contains aqueous humor(It’s liquid-derivative of the blood, and constantly being replaced to nourish front portion of the eye-leaves through the canal of schlem. If it doesn’t leave-it builds up and increases pressure in the eye. Glaucoma.) and divided into anterior chamber and posterior chamber |
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Term
| – Posterior cavity or vitreous chamber (behind lens) |
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Definition
| filled with jellylike vitreous body (or humor) |
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Term
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Definition
| lose cone cells so you’re blind in the center of your eye. It can spread out and increase in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| can be any part of the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased Pressure damaging the retina (variable to how damage is) |
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Term
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Definition
the retina starts to pull away, and move towards to interior of eye. Wherever retina is pulling away from its blind in that spot.
There is another one where one eye cant see medial and the other lateral. |
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Term
| If there is damage to optic nerve-blind in that eye. Blind in optic chisma-lack of vision in outer parts of both eyes. Cut it at the optic track, the lateral part on the side is blind. |
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Definition
| blind in that eye. Blind in optic chisma-lack of vision in outer parts of both eyes. Cut it at the optic track, the lateral part on the side is blind. |
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Term
| • Extrinsic Muscle of eye |
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Definition
– Attach to outside of eyeball and to bones of orbit
– Voluntary muscles; move eyeball in desired directions |
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Term
| – Four straight (rectus) muscles |
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Definition
| superior, inferior, lateral and medial; two oblique muscles - superior and inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| – Within eyeball, involuntary muscles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| controls shape of lens, makes possible accommodation for near and far objects |
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Term
| • Formation of retinal image |
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Definition
accomplished by 4 processes
– Refraction or bending of light rays as they pass through eye
– Accommodation or bulging of lens - normally occurs if object viewed lies nearer than 20 feet from eye
– Constriction of pupil; occurs simultaneously with accommodation for near objects and also in bright light |
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Term
| – Convergence of eyes for near objects so light rays from object fall on corresponding points of two retinas; |
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Definition
| necessary for binocular vision (eyes move medially so light rays strike same points on both retinas) (651 652) |
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Term
| – Dim light causes rhodopsin (vitamin A needed for its formation) |
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Definition
| in rods to break down; initiates impulse conduction by rods; results in vision in shades of gray (absorbs blue to green light best) |
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Term
| – Bright light causes photopigments in cones to |
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Definition
| break down; initiates impulse conduction by cones; results in color vision (absorbs blue, green, yellow-orange) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the nasal half is fine, because they don’t cross. Going to be blind lateral on both eyes. |
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Term
| – Fibers that conduct impulses from rods and cones reach visual cortex in |
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Definition
| occipital lobes via optic nerves, optic chiasma, optic tracts, and optic radiations (located in visual area of cerebral cortex in occipital lobes) |
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Term
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Definition
| due to longer eyeball than normal (Converges before meeting the retina) Use concave len |
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Term
| Farsighted (hypermetropic) eye |
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Definition
| eyeball is a little too short-use convex lens |
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Term
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Definition
| • Contains auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) and openings from external auditory meatus, internal ear, Eustachian (auditory) tube by the nasal pharynx, and mastoid sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| collapsible tube, lined with mucosa, extending from nasopharynx to middle ear; equalizes pressure on both sides of eardrum; open when yawning or swallowing |
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Term
| – Internal ear (labyrinth) |
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Definition
| consists of bony and membranous portions |
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Term
| • Bony labyrinth has three divisions |
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Definition
| vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals; lined with periosteum and contains fluid (perilymph) |
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Term
| • Membranous labyrinth consists of |
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Definition
| utricle and saccule (within vestibule), semicircular ducts (in semicircular canals), and cochlear duct which contains receptors for cochlear branch of 8th cranial nerve; contains fluid, the endolympyh |
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Term
| – Sound waves enter ear canal and |
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Definition
| stimulate tympanic membrane to vibrate |
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Term
| – Vibration of tympanic membrane sets in motion |
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Definition
| middle ear bones (aid in amplification of vibration) |
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Term
| – Stapes pushes against oval window of cochlea setting |
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Definition
| in motion fluid (perilymph) |
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Term
| – Fluid movement stimulates hair cells of spiral organ (organ of Corti) which develops |
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Definition
| receptor potential leading to nerve impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| orientation of body (head) relative to ground (vestibule or macula in utricle and sacculus) |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of body position (head) in response to sudden movements such as rotation, acceleration, and deceleration (cristae in semicircular ducts) |
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