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| • Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI |
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| Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens |
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• Autonomic system as a whole
– Subdivisions |
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| parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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| Autonomic Nervous systems Both divisions consist of |
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| composed of autonomic ganglia, nerves, and plexuses that are composed of autonomic neurons |
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| – Preganglionic autonomic neurons conduct from |
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| brain stem or cord to an autonomic ganglia |
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| • Sympathetic trunk ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) lie in |
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| vertical row on either side of vertebral column |
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| • Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - |
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| lie anterior to spinal column and close to large abdominal arteries |
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| • Terminal (intramural) ganglia |
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| located at end of autonomic motor pathway very close to or within wall of visceral organ |
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| – Postganglionic neurons conduct from |
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| ganglion to visceral effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue) |
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| – All visceral effectors are innervated by |
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| sympathetic fibers and most are doubly innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers; exceptions: sweat glands and smooth muscle of most blood vessels |
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| – In thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, axons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form |
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| tangled networks called autonomic plexuses |
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| Cardiac and pulmonary plexus |
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| celiac (solar), superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexus |
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| • Sympathetic system Consists of |
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| 2 chains of ganglia (one on either side of backbone) and fibers that connect ganglia with each other and with thoracic and lumbar segments of cord |
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| • Sympathetic preganglionic fibers |
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| – Cell bodies in lateral gray columns of thoracic and first 3 or 4 lumbar segments of cord (thoracolumbar) |
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| – Axons leave cord in anterior roots of spinal nerves |
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| leave spinal nerve by way of white ramus |
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| – Then follows one of 3 paths: |
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• To terminate in sympathetic ganglia
• Or to and through sympathetic ganglia, then up or down sympathetic trunk to terminate in higher or lower sympathetic ganglia
• Or to and through splanchnic nerves to terminate in collateral ganglia |
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| – Cell bodies in sympathetic chain or collateral ganglia |
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Definition
| (celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric) |
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| • Sympathetic postganglionic neurons |
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| – Axons in autonomic nerves and plexuses or in gray rami and spinal nerves |
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| • Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons |
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– Cell bodies in nuclei of brain stem and of sacral segments of cord (craniosacral)
– Axons from brain stem nuclei go through cranial nerve III, terminate in ciliary ganglion
– From nuclei in pons through cranial nerve VII, terminate in pterygopalatine or submandibular ganglion |
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– From nuclei in medulla through cranial nerve IX to otic ganglion or through cranial nerves X and XI to cardiac and celiac ganglion
– Sacral preganglionic fibers pass from anterior roots of 2-4 sacral nerves forming the pelvic splanchnic nerves and terminate in terminal ganglia in walls of innervated viscera |
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| • Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons |
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Definition
– Cell bodies in ganglia on or near organs innervated
– Axons lie in short nerves extending into effector |
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| • Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons |
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Definition
– Cell bodies in ganglia on or near organs innervated
– Axons lie in short nerves extending into effector |
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| • Autonomic system function |
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| – Autonomic system regulates visceral effectors in ways that tend to maintain or quickly restore homeostasis |
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| – Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are tonically active |
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| ie. They continually send impulses to visceral effectors |
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| – Sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses exert |
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| antagonistic influences on visceral effectors; summation of the two determines activity of effector |
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| – Autonomic system does not function autonomously but is |
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| continually influenced by impulses from the brain, from a hierarchy of autonomic centers |
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• Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine and include
– All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
– All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
– Some sympathetic postganglionic neurons (sweat glands and certain blood vessels) |
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| • Adrenergic neurons release |
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| norepinephrine or epinephrine - secreted by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons |
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| • Cholinergic receptors include |
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| nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors |
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| – Nicotinic receptors found on |
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| sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons; activation leads to depolarization |
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| – Muscarinic receptors found on effectors innervated by |
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| parasympathetic (slows down-hyperpolarize) (If it’s digestive organs-stimulate, depolarize) 15.2 on 595 |
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| postganglionic axons and cholinergic sympathetic postganglionic axons; |
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| activation may cause depolarization or hyperpolarization depending on type of cell bearing receptor |
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| are excitatory (Causes depolarization) |
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| receptors are excitatory and others inhibitory (Depends on location.) (Hyperpolarization) (Beta Blocker-block sympathetic association. To slow down heart rate) |
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| – Under normal conditions, the sympathetic system functions to maintain normal functioning of double innervated visceral effectors by partially counteracting parasympathetic impulses(parasympathetic happens the most often!) |
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| • Sympathetic system Function |
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| – Functions to maintain normal tone of singly innervated blood vessels and thus maintains normal blood pressure |
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| – Under stress conditions, sympathetic impulses prepare body for |
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| maximum energy expenditure by producing “fight or flight” syndrome of responses |
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| – Dominates control of most visceral effectors most of the time; i.e. under ordinary conditions |
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