Term
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Definition
| The major type of loose connective tissue that serves a packing and delimiting function as it separates and surrounds structures. |
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Term
| Subcutaneous Tissue (superficial fascia) |
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Definition
| The layer of fascia immediately deep to the skin . This layer is continuous throughout the body and frequently contains large accumulations of fat cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| All fascia deep to the subcutaneous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas between two fascial layers, e.g., those surrounding two adjacent muscles, where the fascial layers are united to each other by only a few fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area between fascia-covered structures where there are no interconnecting fibers, so that a cavity is present which is filled with a very small amount of lubricating fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| These dense regularly arranged connective tissues connect bone or cartilage to bone or cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| This dense regularly arranged connective tissue connects muscle to bone or cartilage. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The most ubiquitous cartilage. It covers the articular surfaces of bones that participate in forming freely movable joints. Also found in costal, cartilages, cartilages of the nose and bronchi, and some of the laryngeal carilages. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cartilage that has a higher fiber density than hyaline cartilage, so it can withstand greater tensile stress. Primarily found in the intervertebral discs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cartilage that is rich in elastic fibers and hence allows a large degree of resiliency while providing support. |
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Definition
| The bones of the skeleton of the vertebral column, thorax, and skull. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A bone that develops within a tendon (example: patella) |
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Term
| Compact (dense, cortical) Bone |
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Definition
| The outer peripherally located region of bone, within which no spaces are grossly visible. |
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Term
| Spongy (cancellous medullary) Bone |
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Definition
| The inner area of bone where the bone is arranged in thin plates or trabeculae with grossly visible intervening spaces. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The cells on the external surface of bones are in this layer of dense connective tissue covering. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expanded ends on long bones which are wider than their center cylindrical portion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cylindrical portion of a long bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cartilaginous layer that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis during growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of spongy bone that connects the epiphyseal plate to the main shaft. It is vascular and thus particularly vulnerable to infection that is spread through the vascular system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dense bony line that indicates where the epiphyseal plate was during growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A joint in which the bones are joined by a small amount of dense connective tissue and little or no motion is allowed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A joint in which the bones are united by one of the types of cartilage and thus allow a slight degree of mobility (example: the intervertebral discs). |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of joint forms the majority of joints in the body. An actual space exists between the highly lubricated cartilage-covered ends of the bone. These permit relatively free motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds the opposing articular surfaces of a bone and forms a closed joint cavity (synovial cavity). |
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Term
| Fibrous Layer (capsular ligament) |
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Definition
| This is the outer layer of a joint capsule |
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Term
| Synovial Lining (synovium) |
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Definition
| The inner layer of the joint capsule which contains cells which normally elaborate a very small amount of synovial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers the articular surfaces of bones in a joint capsule and greatly reduces friction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of joint motion that results in a decrease in the angle formed by two bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of joint motion that is the opposite of flexion. It involves an increase in the angle between two bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of muscular tissue is associated with the versceral functions of the body and therefore is found primarily in involuntary organs. This type of muscle is non-striated |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of muscle is restricted to the heart, structurally striated and involuntary regulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of muscle is striated and can be volitionally controlled. |
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Term
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Definition
| The attachment of skeletal muscle to the bone that is more proximal and functionally "may" be the fixed end when a muscle contracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The skeletal muscle attachment that is more distal and "may" be the movable end. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic structural unit of a muscle. It is a long cylindrical cell which can shorten approximately half of its length. |
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Term
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Definition
| The functional unit of a muscle which is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it supplies. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this type of muscle, the fibers are parallel with the long axis of the muscle and its tendons. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this type of muscle, the fibers are obliquely oriented with respect to the long axis of the muscle and attach to the tendons at an angle. |
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Term
| Static or Isometric Contraction |
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Definition
| The type of contraction where the muscle force just equals the load (thus there is no movement) |
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Term
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Definition
| A method used to eliminate muscular activity that involves positioning the part so that the muscle to be eliminated will have no effective vector component in the direction of the function to be tested. |
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Term
| Physiological or Length Disadvantage |
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Definition
| A method used to eliminate muscular activity that involves positioning the part so that the muscle will be slackened or will have much of its shortening capability used up by performing a function other than the one to be tested. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method used to eliminate muscular activity. If the muscle to be eliminated has several functions, it can be reciprocally inhibited from participating in the tested function by forcibly performing a function antagonistic to one of its other functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of the brain which occupies the cranial cavity and the spinal cord which is located within the vertebral canal. |
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Term
| The Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| Made up of the spinal and cranial nerves and their branches. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system. Capable of most basic cellular processes but is specialized for irritability and conduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| An axon plus its supporting cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of nerve fibers outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of nerve fibers outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Where nerve cell bodies are located |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The spinal root that is most associated with efferent nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spinal root that is typically associated with afferent or sensory fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific mass of muscle supplied by a specific spinal nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplies the skin of the medial two-thirds of the back from the top of the head to the coccyx, the deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back, the intervertebral facet joints and the spinal ligaments posterior to the intervertebral foramen |
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Term
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Definition
| Supply the rest of the trunk walls, anterolateral neck and limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| All ventral rami except those from spinal nerves T2 through T11 form these. Characterized by various splittings and fusions to form a generall predictable network. |
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Term
| Multisegmental Periphery Nerves |
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Definition
| Nerves emerging from a plexus typically contain fibers from more than one spinal cord segment and are called this. |
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Term
| Unisegmental Peripheral Nerves |
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Definition
| Branches of all dorsal rami and ventral rami T2 through T11 contain fibers from only one spinal cord segment and are therefore called this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the body wall and limbs and includes bones, joint structures, muscles, tendons, fasciae, and skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that include the internal organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and smooth muscle and glands anywhere in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are the fibers of the motor neurons to skeletal muscles. Their nerve cell bodies are located in the ventral gray column of the spinal cord and their processes pass through the ventral roots, spinal nerves, and into the muscular branches of the dorsal and ventral rami. |
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Term
| Visceral Efferent (VE or autonomic) |
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Definition
| There are two neurons in this pathway from spinal cord to end organ. These neurons are motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands wherever they are located in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| These neurons transmit sensory information to the CNS from receptors found in the skin (exteroceptors) and in deeper structures of the body wall, i.e., muscles, tendons, and joints (proprioceptors). |
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Term
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Definition
| These receptors are found in the skin and transmit sensory information to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| These receptors are found in deeper structures of the body wall (muscles, tendons, and joints) |
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Term
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Definition
| These neurons return interoceptive sensations to the CNS from nearly all visceral structures supplied by VE neurons. The location and course of their cell bodies and central processes is similar to SA neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensations from internal organs that are transmitted to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Innervate skeletal muscles, and contain SE, VE, and possibly VA fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of nerve lesion in which acute or chronic mechanical trauma or inflammation can cause impulses to be initiated within both sensory and motor neurons. The CNS will interpret these impulses as pain referred to the area innervated by that nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of nerve lesion may cause an area of complete sensory loss(anesthesia) surrounded by an area of partial sensory loss (hypesthesia). Destruction of all motor neurons to a muscle will cause a complete loss of motor function in that muscle (paralysis). But since most muscles are innervated by more than one spinal nerve, destruction of the nerve fibers from one spinal nerve would usually produce only weakness (paresis). |
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Term
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Definition
| The neuron in the ANS that connects the CNS and the ganglion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The neuron in the ANS that connects the ganglion to the target. |
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Term
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Definition
| This extends the entire length of the vertebral column. It is composed of a series of ganglia which are connected by vertically oriented nerve bundles. A ganglion occurs at approximately each vertebral level except in the cervical region where there are typically only three ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of ganglion that is located adjacent to main arterial branches in the abdominopelvic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of pre-ganglionic fiber that passes through the sympathetic trunk and terminates in a collateral ganglion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of unmyelinated post ganglionic fibers that supply the smooth muscle and glands of the limbs and body wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Postganglionic nerve fibers that leave the cervical and upper thoracic levels of the sympathetic trunk to directly innervate cervical and thoracic viscera. |
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Term
| Pericarotid Sympathetic Plexuses |
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Definition
| Formed by postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Around the carotid arteries, along which they are distributed to the head and neck along the branches of the carotid arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system synapse on these, which are located within or near the target. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry blood away from the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the vascular system. Where the exchange of gases and metabolites occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Returns blood to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary capillary bed where gas exchange occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry oxygenated blood back to the heart. From the pulmonary capillary bed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arterial outflow channel of the left ventricle. It gives off coronary arteries to the heart just about the aortic valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within the thorax. The arteries to the head and upper limbs are given off this. |
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Term
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Definition
| The aorta divides into these arteries, which then divide into internal iliac arteries and external iliac arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily supplies organs of the pelvis and perineum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily supplies the lower limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interposed in parts of the venous system to prevent cardiofugal venous flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Noncardiac and nonpulmonary venous return from above the diaphragm returns to the right atrium of the heart through this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Noncardiac and nonpulmonary venous return from below the diaphragm returns to the right atrium through this. |
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Term
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Definition
| A valveless system in which blood passes through a capillary network of the abdominal part of the digestive system, then passes through another capillary-like network called the hepatic sinusoids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Valveless system that drains most of the noncardiac nonpulmonary structures of the thorax. Can act as a shunt in case of an obstruction in the superior vena cava. |
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Term
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Definition
| Among other things, these filter out pathologic cells, viruses, bacteria, and other cellular debree. |
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