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| study of organ structures (form) |
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| Negative Feedback Mechanism |
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| reduces the deviation away from a set-point |
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| has mass and occupies space |
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| fundamental substance of matter |
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| consists of two or more DIFFERENT elements |
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| +1 charge, within the nucleus of an atom |
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| 0 charge, within the nucleus of an atom |
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| -1 charge, orbits the nucleus of an atom |
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| positively charged atom attracts negatively charged atom |
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| weak ionic bond between hydrogen and negative atom |
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| lack Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H) or both. Ex: Water,Oxygen(O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Inorganic Salts |
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| contain both Hydrogen(H) and Carbon(C) Ex: Amino Acids (proteins), Monosaccharides (polysaccharrides), Nucleotides (nucleic acids), Fatty Acids (fats) |
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| Cell Membrane Structure includes |
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| Phospholipid Bilayer, Membrane proteins, Cholesterol |
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| Phospholipid Bilayer includes |
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Hydrophilic (water loving) exterior
Hydrophobic (water fearing) interior |
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contains chromatin
DNA+ proteins
Forms chromosomes during mitosis |
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| inside the nucleus, produces ribosomes |
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| random movement down the concentration gradient |
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| diffusion through a carrier protein |
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| diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane, water follows salts |
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| Osmosis-Isotonic Solution |
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| Osmosis- Hypertonic Solution |
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| Salty solution, water leaves cells |
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| Osmosis- Hypotonic Solution |
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| Dilute solution, water enters cells |
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| Name the 4 phases of Mitosis (Hint: PMAT) |
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Prophase-chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Metaphase-chromosomes align along equitorial plate
Anaphase-chromatids separate
Telophase-migration of chromosomes complete, cytokinesis |
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| sum of all reactions in a cell |
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| Catalyze (speed up) reactions but are not consumed by it |
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| transfers energy from food into a form cells can use (ATP) |
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| Cell Respiration- Glycolosis |
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| anaerobic (requires no oxygen) |
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| Cell Respiration- Aerobic Respiration |
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| requires Oxygen, occurs in mitochondria, includes Citric Acid Cycle + Electron Transport Chain, produces much more ATP than glycolysis |
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Replication- new DNA from original DNA strand (within nucleus)
Transcription- synthesis of mRNA from DNA (occurs within nucleus)
Translation- Protein synthesis from mRNA transcript (occurs in cytoplasm on ribosomes) |
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| Ependymal cells regulate the composition of CSF |
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| CSF is secreted by specialized capillaries called Choroid Plexuses |
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| Lateral ventricles are connected by: |
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| interventricular foramina |
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| Third ventricle Surrounds the: |
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| Cerebral aqueduct connects: |
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| 2nd ventricle is in the right cerebral hemisphere |
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Thecal Sac –
space beyond spinal cord filled with CSF |
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| Two regions of the spinal cord are thickened: |
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Cervical Enlargement – nerves to upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement – nerves to lower limbs |
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| ____ pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord. |
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| 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord. |
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| 12 thoracic nerves T1-T12 |
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| C1-C4, Phrenic Nerve- Diaphragm (C3,4, and 5 keep the diapragm alive) |
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| C5-T1, Nerves of the Upper Limbs, Muscle and sensory, ulnar, radial, and median nerves |
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| remain uncrossed, no plexus, muscles and skin of the thoracic wall |
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| T12-S5, nerves of the lower limbs, sciatic, obturator, femoral |
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| Homeostatic activities. ex heart rate, breathing, digestion, urine formation |
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parasympathetic
sympathetic |
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resting and digesting
fight or flight |
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| major input to hypothalamus |
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| Hypothalamus is the control center for: |
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| All motor neurons in the Central Nervous System release: |
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| Acetylcholine (ACH) so they are "Cholinergic" |
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| The funiculi (sing. funiculus) are: |
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| The funiculi (sing. funiculus) are columns that provide pathways for axons, called nerve tracts. |
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| Ascending tracts conduct: |
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| Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses up the spinal cord to the brain |
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| Descending tracts conduct: |
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| Descending tracts conduct motor impulses from the brain down the spinal cord to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands |
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