Term
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Definition
| some drugs are obtained through these, such as through roots, leaves, and fruit |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs are obtained through these, hormones are secretions from the glands |
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Term
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Definition
| some drugs are made in a laboratory |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that are isolated from plant or animal sources and are contained in foods |
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Term
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Definition
| prepares and dispenses drugs through a pharmacy (drugstore) on written orders from a physician |
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Term
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Definition
| helps licensed pharmacists provide medication and other health care products to patients |
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Term
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Definition
| is the study of the preparation, properties, uses, and actions of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| is either an MD or a PhD who specializes in pharmacology |
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Term
| Pharmacology subdivisions |
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Definition
| medicinal chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, molecular pharmacology, chemotherapy, and toxicology |
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Term
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Definition
the study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between chemical structure and biological effects
New drug synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
involves the study of drug effects in the body
drug effects on the body and how is works |
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Term
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Definition
the mathematical description of drug disposition (appearance and disappearance) in the body over time
drug concentration in tissues and blood measured over a period of time |
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Term
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Definition
involves the interaction of drugs and subcellular entities such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes
interaction of drugs and components inside the cell or on the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
is the study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant cells within the body
use of drugs in treatment of cancer and infectious disease |
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Term
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Definition
is the study of the harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body
studies of harmful effects of drugs on the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a toxicologist also is interested in finding proper ______ to any harmful effects of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| specifies the chemical makeup of the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| typically shorter and less complicated, indentifies the drug legally and scientifically |
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Term
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Definition
| trademark is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it |
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Term
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
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Definition
| has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug be dissemenated and sold |
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Term
| United States Pharmacopeia (USP) |
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Definition
| an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers, reviews the available commercial drugs and continually reappraises their effectiveness |
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Term
| Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) |
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Definition
| is published by a private firm, and drug manufacturers pay to have their products listed |
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Term
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Definition
drugs given by mouth are slowly absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach or intestinal wall
caplets, capsules, tablets |
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Term
| sublingual administration |
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Definition
drugs placed under the tongue dissolve in the saliva
nitroglycerin tablets |
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Term
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Definition
| suppositories (cone-shaped objects containing drugs) and aqueous solutions are inserted into the rectum |
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Term
| parenteral administration |
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Definition
injection of drug from a syringe (tube) through a hollow needle placed under the skin, into a muscle, vein, or body cavity
bypassing GI tract |
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Term
| Intracavitary instillation |
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Definition
| the injection is made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| this shallow injection is made into the upper layers of the skin and is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions |
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Term
| subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection (SC) |
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Definition
| a small hypodermic needle is introduced into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin, usually on the upper arm, thigh, or abdomen |
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Term
| intramuscular injection (IM) |
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Definition
the buttock or upper arm is the usual site for this injection into muscle
90* angle |
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Term
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Definition
this occurs in the space under the membranes (meninges) surrounding the spinal cord and brain
to get to the brain |
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Term
| intravenous injection (IV) |
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Definition
this injection is given directly into a vein
fastest way to give drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| battery-powered pumps may be used for continuous administration of drugs bu the subcutaneous or intravenous route |
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Term
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Definition
| vapors, or gases, taken into the nose or mouth are absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of air sacs in the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| (particles of drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation, as are many anesthetics |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body |
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Term
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Definition
against infections
commonly are used as ointments, creams, and lotions |
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Term
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Definition
against itching
commonly are used as ointments, creams, and lotions |
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Term
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Definition
| used to deliver drugs (such as estrogen for hormone replacement therapy, pain medications, and nicotine for smoking cessatuib programs) continously through the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| when a drug enters the body, the target substance with which the drug interacts to produce its effects |
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Term
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Definition
| of a drug is amount of drug administered, usually measured in milligrams or grams |
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Term
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Definition
| is the exact timing and frequency of drug administration |
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Term
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Definition
| if the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each |
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Term
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Definition
if two drugs give less than an additive effect
decrease action
antidote |
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Term
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Definition
if two drugs give less than an additive effect
decrease action
antidote |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of two drugs sometimes can cause an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug given alone |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a desired and beneficial effect of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| the effects of a given dose diminish as treatment continues, and increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug and the presence of clear unpleasant effects when that drug or other agent is withdrawn |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| is an example of an unpredictable type of drug toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| (produced by treatment) disorders can occur, however, as a result of mistakes in drug use or because of unrecognized individual sensitivity to a given agent |
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Term
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Definition
| are toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| factors in a patient's condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of beneficial response and it is seen when drugs that used to be effective are unable to control the disease process in a particular patient |
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Term
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Definition
drug that lessons pain
against pain |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that reduces or eliminates sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills bacteria, fungi, or parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| medications treat fungal infections |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs are against infections due to viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent clotting of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| is a natural anticoagulant purified from pig intestine or bovine (cow) lung |
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Term
| tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) |
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Definition
| dissolves clots and is used to open vessels after myocardial infarction |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs reduce the tendency of platelets to stick together |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents or reduces the frequency of convulsions in various types of epilepsy |
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Term
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Definition
| treat symptoms of depression |
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Term
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Definition
| used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer disease, act by aiding brain neurotransmitters or sheilding brain cells from glutamate, a neurotransmitter that at high levels contributes to death of brain cells |
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Term
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Definition
| are used to treat diabetes mellitus (a condition in which the hormone insulin either is not produced by the pancreas or is not effective in the body) |
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Term
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Definition
| patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes must receive daily injections of ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes are given this way |
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Term
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Definition
| these drugs block the action of histamine, which is normally released in the brody in allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| prevention of nausea and vertigo and motion sickness |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder marked by abnormal loss of bone density |
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Term
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Definition
| 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777prevent bone loss, and hormone-like drugs called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) increase bone formation |
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