Term
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Definition
| Vertical, front-to-back plane through the mid-line which divides the body into left and right halves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any plane parallel to the median plane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical, side-to-side plane (parallel to the coronal suture of skull) that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves. |
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Term
| Transverse (horizontal, axial): |
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Definition
| Planes at right angles to the long axis of body dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) regions. |
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Term
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Definition
A. Median (mid-sagittal): Vertical, front-to-back plane through the mid-line which divides the body into left and right halves.
B. Sagittal (para-median): Any plane parallel to the median plane.
C. Frontal (coronal): Vertical, side-to-side plane (parallel to the coronal suture of skull) that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.
D. Transverse (horizontal, axial): Planes at right angles to the long axis of body dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) regions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| away from the median plane |
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Term
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Definition
| side of the forearm, wrist or hand near the ulna, therefore medial |
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Term
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Definition
| side of the forearm, wrist or hand near the radius, therefore lateral |
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Term
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Definition
| on the same side of the median plane |
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Term
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Definition
| on the opposite side of the median plane |
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Term
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Definition
| in front of the frontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Superior (rostral, cranial): |
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Definition
| above a transverse plane (towards the head) |
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Term
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Definition
| below a transverse plane (towards the tail end of the trunk) |
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Term
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Definition
| near the attachment or origin of a limb or structure to the axial skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| away from the attachment or origin of a limb or structure to the axial skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anterior surface of the hand |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior surface of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior surface of the hand or superior surface of the foot. |
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Term
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Definition
| decreasing the angle between two bones of parts of the body. Usually in an anterior direction, except for the knee (posterior), ankle (dorsal and plantar) and thumb |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing the angle between two bones of parts of the body. Usually in a posterior direction, except for the knee (anterior) and thumb (see below). The term extension is never used to describe ankle motions. |
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Term
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Definition
| extension beyond the normal limit, which is usually injurious. |
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Term
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Definition
| for neck, trunk and limbs: away from the median plane of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| for neck, trunk and limbs: toward the median plane of the body |
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Term
| median plane of the forearm and hand |
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Definition
runs down the middle of the forearm. wrist, hand, and 3rd finger, dividing them into ulnar (medial) and radial (lateral) halves.
Deviation of the wrist toward either side of this plane is termed ulnar of radial abduction; the term ‘adduction’ is never used to describe wrist motions. |
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Term
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Definition
| spreading the fingers away from the median plane of the forearm and hand. |
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Term
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Definition
| moving fingers toward the median plane of the forearm and hand |
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Term
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Definition
| of the hand is equivalent to the anterior surface of the palm. |
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Term
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Definition
| thumb away from palmer plane of hand |
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Term
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Definition
| thumb move toward the palmer plane of the hand |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of thumb in the palmar plane in the ulnar direction |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of thumb in parmar plane in the radial direction |
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Term
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Definition
| The shoulder, hip, neck, trunk and fingers have sufficient freedom of motion to allow a combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction to produce this circular or cone-like movement. |
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Term
| Medial (internal) rotation: |
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Definition
Rotation around the long axis of a structure (e.g. arm, thigh, forearm, spine):
anterior surface moves medially (e.g. arm, thigh, spine) |
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Term
| Lateral (external) rotation: |
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Definition
Rotation around the long axis of a structure (e.g. arm, thigh, forearm, spine):
anterior surface moves laterally (e.g. arm, thigh, spine) |
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Term
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Definition
| medial rotation of the forearm |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral rotation of the forearm |
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Term
| Upward rotation of the scapula: |
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Definition
| lateral side and glenoid cavity move superiorly while the medial side moves inferiorly |
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Term
| Downward rotation of the scapula: |
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Definition
| lateral side and glenoid cavity move inferiorly while the medial side moves superiorly |
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Term
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Definition
| the palmar surface of the thumb faces the palm and opposes the other fingers. The movement of opposition combines abduction, flexion, medial rotation and adduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement in an anterior direction |
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Term
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Definition
| movement in a posterior direction |
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Term
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Definition
| movement in a superior direction |
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Term
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Definition
| movement in an inferior direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes immovable (e.g. sutures of skull) and slightly movable (e.g. ankle, tooth) articulations held together by tough connective tissue fibers. Sutures are interdigitating immovable joints; a syndesmosis is formed by bones that are relatively far apart but held together by ligaments (e.g. ankle); gomphoses is a peg and socket joint (e.g. tooth and jaw). |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage (e.g. pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks). These joints are strong and slightly movable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A freely movable joint consisting of a joint cavity containing a lubricating synovial fluid, bone ends covered by articular cartilage, and an enclosing articular capsule. This is the most common type of joint. |
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Term
| Ball and socket (e.g. shoulder, hip): |
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Definition
| synovial joint that allows for: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, axial rotation |
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Term
| Saddle (e.g. carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb): |
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Definition
synovial joint that allows for:
(e.g. carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb): concave in 1 plane, convex in the perpendicular plane. Movements are similar to ball and socket joints but are more limited, particularly the axial rotation. |
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Term
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Definition
synovial joint that allows for:
motion only in the sagittal plane; flexion and extension |
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Term
| Chondyloid (e.g. knuckles): |
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Definition
synovial joint that allows for:
motion in the sagittal and frontal planes; flexion, extension, abduction and adduction |
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Term
| Pivot (e.g. radio-ulnar): |
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Definition
synovial joint that allows for:
one bone pivots within a sleeve or orbits around another bone. Motion is an axial rotation. |
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Term
| Gliding (e.g. wrist carpals, foot tarsals): |
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Definition
synovial joint that allows for:
flat surfaces glide over each other |
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Term
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Definition
synovial joint that allows for:
combines characteristics of hinged, pivot and gliding joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| attached mainly to bones, moves bones (and eyes) |
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Term
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Definition
| forms heart walls, moves blood |
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Term
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Definition
| in walls of hollow organs; controls movement of material through these organs |
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Term
| skeletal muscle and movement |
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Definition
1.) Skeletal muscles are attached, either directly or indirectly via tendons, to bones, cartilages, ligaments, aponeurosis or skin. Thus, the force exerted by a muscle is directed to specific locations.
2.)Muscles simply contract or shorten; they can only pull and they never push. They produce movements by virtue of pulling on their attachments to bones etc.
3.)When a contracting muscle pulls on its attachments, typically one attachment site is fixed and does not move while the other one moves. The attachment site that does not move is the origin, while the one that moves is the insertion. In the extremities, the origin is usually the more proximal of the two.
4.)Typically, muscles move bones at joints because the origin is on one side of a joint while the insertion is on the other side. The muscle is said to span or cross the joint. The relationship between the attachments and the joint determines the leverage that the muscle can exert and the range of motion that the contraction can produce. Muscle size (i.e. strength) is another factor in the power and speed that the contraction can produce.
5.)Skeletal muscles have a variety of architectures. Students should become familiar with these types. |
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Term
| agonist or prime mover muscle |
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Definition
| the main muscle that contracts to produce the desired movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that contracts to produce the action which is opposite to that of the agonist. Typically, this muscle relaxes gradually to produce a smooth motion when the agonist contracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that acts together with the agonist to counteract an unwanted secondary action of the agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that typically steadies a bone or joint while movements occur at other joints. |
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Term
| What happens to muscles if they do not have normal activity of motor neurons? |
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Definition
| they will not contract and they will atrophy |
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Term
| The nervous system is divided into: |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS), consisting of the brain and the spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), consisting of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS. The PNS contains all of the nerves studied in the anatomy of the extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous system that contains brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous system that contains nerves studied in the anatomy of the extremities |
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Term
| Nervous tissues in the CNS and the PNS consist of two principal cell types: |
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Definition
| Neurons (or nerve cells) and glia. Neurons can detect physical and/or chemical stimuli and carry information about those stimuli to other target cells, including other neurons. Glia are supporting cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| have a cell body that contains the cell’s nucleus. The cell body, and tree-like extensions of the cell body called dendrites, contain specialized membrane receptors that detect physical or chemical stimuli. A single long pipe-like extension of the cell body, called the axon, contains membrane specializations that enable it to carry and deliver information about the stimulus over long distances to specific target cells. |
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Term
| The nerves in the PNS are either 2 different types: |
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Definition
cranial or spinal
Cranial nerves (12 pairs) connect the brain to peripheral structures, mainly in the head, while spinal nerves (31 pairs) connect the spinal cord to peripheral structures in the neck and the body |
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Term
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Definition
| contains thousands of nerve fibers bound in a series of sheaths. Each single fiber is the axon of a sensory or a motor neuron. A sensory axon carries information about the environment inside or outside the body to the CNS. A motor axon carries signals from the CNS to a specific skeletal muscle, a smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or a gland. Most peripheral nerves typically contain both sensory and motor axons. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of each spinal nerve that lies near the vertebral
As each of these roots enters the vertebral column to approach the spinal cord, it divides in two: posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) |
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Term
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Definition
| lying inside the vertebral column, contains only sensory axons which have left the spinal nerve root to enter the dorso-lateral part of the spinal cord and deliver their sensory information to neurons lying inside the spinal cord. Thus, the dorsal root is sometimes called the sensory root, as it carries sensory information exclusively. |
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Term
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Definition
| also lying inside the vertebral column, contains only motor axons which have exited from the ventro-lateral part of the spinal cord to enter the spinal nerve root. The cell bodies of these motor neurons are located inside the spinal cord, and they send motor signals into the spinal nerve along their axons that lie in ventral root. Since the ventral root contains motor axons exclusively, it is sometimes called the motor root. |
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Term
| dorsal root ganglion (DRG), |
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Definition
| Each dorsal root contains a swelling, just near the junction with the spinal nerve root. the swelling is called this; it contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons whose axons lie in the spinal nerve and continue in the dorsal root. (A ‘ganglion’ is a collection of neuronal cell bodies that lies outside the CNS. A collection of neuronal cell bodies lying inside the CNS is called a ‘nucleus”.) |
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Term
| Moving laterally along the spinal nerve root, away from the vetebral column, the nerve root divides into 3 rami (branches). These 3 are called: |
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Definition
1) dorsal ramus
2) ventral ramus
3) meningeal (middle) ramus |
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Term
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Definition
| turns dorsally to provide nerves to the vertebral column, the deep muscles of the back and the overlying skin |
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Term
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Definition
| continues laterally to provide nerves to the limbs, the lateral and anterior trunk and the overlying skin. The nerves dissected in the extremities are all derivatives of the ventral rami of several of the spinal nerves. |
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Term
| 'small' meningeal (middle) ramus |
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Definition
| turns back toward the vertebral column to provide nerves to the inside of the spinal canal and to the membranes covering the spinal cord. |
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