What are the 4 Design Considerations for Bipedal Gait and Upright Posture?

1) Stability and mobility in upright posture

2) Ability to raise & control trunk over hindlimbs

3) Ability to balance on one leg

4) Walk with feet underneath body

lower extremities are (Larger and heavier/Smaller and lighter) than upper extremities.

weight is distributed              within extremities

WEAK hip Abductors

Normal ANGLE OF the Femur is           degrees 

1x Pubic Symphysis

2x Sacroiliac

2x Femoroacetabular (Hip joint)

The Femoroacetabular joint is relatively stable due to what 3 things?

Bony architecture

Strong ligaments

Large supportive muscles

The pelvic girdle is joined posteriorly by the             and joined anteriorly at the             

sacrum

pubic symphysis 

Both Ball-and-socket Joints

Both Labrums

• The hip has “Weight Bearing”

• Acetabulum much deeper than glenoid fossa

• L & R shoulder girdles move independently & hip doesn't

Sacrum

Coccyx

Coxa

The sacrum is an extension of spinal column with #      fused vertebrae

The coccyx extends (laterally/medially/superiorly/inferiorly)

Ilium- upper 2/5

Ischium– posterior & lower 2/5

Pubis– anterior & lower 1/5

The Anterior Pelvis is the Origin for             

The Posterior Pelvis is the Origin for             

The Lateral Pelvis is the Origin for              

Inferior Pubic Ramus

Lateral flare =                   

Proximal femur is the Insertion point for                            

Satorius

Gracilis

Semitendinosis

The femoral neck holds the femur away from the pelvis in the            plane

The femoral neck is formed by                  bone

The Angle of inclination of the femoral neck ranges from 

        °

Coxa Vara (increases/decreases) abductors effectiveness

Coxa Vara (increases/reduces) load on the femoral head

Coxa Vara (increases/reduces) load on the femoral neck

Angle of Inclination is measured in the           Plane 

Angle of Anteversion is the angle of the femoral neck wrt femoral condyles in the               plane

Excessive Anteversion is the angle of the femoral beyond          ° of medial rotation of the distal femur

Internally rotated femur may result in “          ” gait

Retroversion is the angle of the femoral reversed so that distal femur rotates             

Externally rotated femur may result in “           ” gait

high tension

• Unexpected load (e.g., stepping off a curb)

• Decreased bone mineral density

bending moment

body weight

Hip abductors             tension on            surface of the femoral neck.

Reduce

Superior

Muscles involved in hip & pelvic girdle motions depend largely on                        and                     in relation to earth & gravitational forces

direction of movement

position of body

hip flexion

Rectus Femoris

Vastus medialis

Vastus intermedius

Vastus lateralis

Sartorius 

Biceps femoris

Semi tendenosis

Semimembranosus

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Pectineus

Gracilis 

The primary action of the Sartorius Muscle is?

Assists in?

Hip flexion

Hip abduction, Hip ER, Knee flexion

What muscle is this?

[image]

The primary action of the Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle is?

Assists in?

Hip IR

Hip flexion

Hip abduction

What muscle is this?

[image]

Hip Extension

Hip ER

What muscle is this?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

Piriformis, Gemellus superior, Gemellus inferior,

Obturator externus, Obturator internus, Quadratus femoris

Hip extension

Knee flexion

What muscle is this?

[image]

Hip extension

Knee flexion

What muscle is this?

[image]

Hip Extension

Knee Flexion

What muscle is this?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

What is this muscle?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

Hip Flexion

Hip Adduction

What muscle is this?

[image]

Hip adduction

What muscle is this?

[image]

Psoas

Iliacus

Rectus femoris

Pectineus

TFL

Sartorius

Gluteus Max

Biceps femoris (long head)

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Biceps Femoris

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus minimus

Adductor brecis

Adductor longus

Adductor Magnus

Gracilus

Gluteus medius

TFL

Deep 6 lateral rotators

Glut Max

Tibofemoral

The Distal femur is seperated by an                 posteriorly

Intercondylar fossa

The medial condyle is more curved (posteriorly/anteriorly)

Lateral condyle projects more posteriorly in the               plane

The patella is imbedded in the            of the              

The patellas primary function is to                        

The patellas secondary function is to                     

C

less

O

more

The Menisci increase Stability by                             .

The menisci glide               during knee extension

The (medial/lateral) menisci are injured more often

The MCL protects against a           stress

The cruciate ligaments are named for their            attachments

Tension in PCL increases as the knee (extends/flexes).

List the “Unhappy Triad”

ACL

MCL

Medial Meniscus

Genu recurvatum is                  of the knee

Varus (Adduction)

Valgus (Abduction)

Normal knees have          of valgus

Males typically have Q-angles between           , females between           .

10-14°

15-17°

Genu Varum is a                  Q angle and is also called

Small or negative

bowleggedness

Genu Valgum is a Q angle                 , and is also called

>17°

knock-knees

full flexion

 full extension

external rotation

The closer the ICR is to the joint surface, the more           there is between bones. 

The farther the ICR is from the joint center, the        rolling and more sliding or slipping there is.

Patella is thought to lie centered in the                 

The Angle formed by a line drawn through the largest width of the patella and a line touching the most anterior surface of the medial and lateral femoral condyles is?

Patellar tilt

The Angle formed by the lines drawn from the deepest point of the femoral sulcus to the highest point on each condyle is

Sulcus angle

The angle formed by a line bisecting the sulcus angle and another line that projects from the apex of the sulcus angle through the peak of the patellar ridge is?

What muscle is this?

[image]

HIP Flexion

KNEE EXTENSION

What muscle is this?

[image]

KNEE Extension

What muscle is this?

[image]

KNEE Extension

What muscle is this?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

HIP Extension

KNEE Flexion

What muscle is this?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

ANKLE Plantarflexion

Tibiallis Posterior

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Tibial Artery

Flexor Hallucis Longus

              (external) tibial torsion

Normal ranges from              

Lateral

20°-40°

Distal end of the tibia is             rotated in the transverse plane wrt proximal end of the tibia

The Calcaneus also know as the "           bone" is the (Smallest/Largest) of the tarsal bones.

Heel

Longest

The Cuboid has     anterior facets

3

Transverse

The     metatarsal projects inferiorly to provide attachment for the                           

5th

peroneus brevis tendon

Gliding joint

talus and the tibia and fibula

Anterior tibiofibular

Posterior tibiofibular

Anterior talofibular

Posterior talofibular

Calcaneofibular

Medial collateral (deltoid) ligament of the ankle has what 3 ligaments/attachments?

Tibiospring

Tibionavicular

Posterior tibiotalar

Lateral Ankle Sprain

Medial Ankle Sprain

Syndesmotic Sprain

ICR of ankle moves:

              during plantarflexion

               during dorsiflexion

                with inversion

              with eversion

Posteriorly

Anteriorly

Medially

Laterally

The Talocrural Joint has a(n)              joint axis

Ankle dorsiflexion

Abduction

Eversion

Plantarflexion

Adduction

Inversion

What ankle movement is this?

[image]

What ankle movement is this?

[image]

The Subtalar Joint is the Articulation of the           and

The          axis of the subtalar joint motions consists of           and            

Oblique

pronation

supination

If the STJ (subtalar joint) axis lies closer to long axis of the foot mostly            and            

inversion

eversion

If the STJ (subtalar joint) axis lies closer to long axis of the leg mostly           and           

abduction

adduction

Longitudinal axis: inversion and eversion

Oblique axis: plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

The Distal Intertarsal joints have                        movement 

Mobility (increases/decreases) from 3rd-5th tarsometatarsal joints

The Metatarsophalangeal joints are what type of joints?

And are associated with what injury?

Condyloid joints (bi-axial)

“Turf toe”

Provides stabilization to the plantar surface

&

Helps maintain shape of the foot

Medial Longitudinal arch

Includes calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, and 1st metatarsal

cuboid

cuneiforms

1.  Protect nerves, blood vessels, and muscles on plantar surface from compression during weight bearing
2. Absorbs shock during impact
3. Stores and releases mechanical energy to improve efficiency

Pes planus or                 is a Diminished                      arch

Flat foot

medial longitudinal

Evertors

Plantarflexors & invertors

What muscle is this?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

Foot eversion

Forefoot abduction

What muscle is this?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

Ankle Dorsiflexion

Foot Eversion

What muscle is this?

[image]

Extension of 4 lesser toes at MTP, PIP & DIP joints

Foot Eversion

What muscle is this?

[image]

Extension of great toe at MTP,  and IP joints

Forefoot adduction

What muscle is this?

[image]

Ankle Dorsiflexion

Foot Inversion

What muscle is this?

[image]

Foot Inversion

What muscle is this?

[image]

What muscle is this?

[image]

Flexion of great toe  at MTP,  and IP joints

Forefoot adduction

4

Abductor hallucis

There are how many lumbricales in the foot?

There are      plantar interossei

There are how many dorsal interossei?

How many muscles act only on the little toe? and what are their names?

2

Abductor digiti minimi 

Functions in weight bearing & locomotion are:

• Enhanced significantly by its wide ROM

Ability to run, cross-over cut, side-step cut, jump, & many other directional changes