Kinesiology

Why Study Kinesiology?

*3 Fold Purpose

Safety

Eeffectiveness

Efficiency

Qualitative vs. Quantitative

methods of study, what are the differences?

Quantitative is labratory based

Qualitative is more real world based, such as in a gym.

3 elements of Kinesiological Analysis

D E P

Describing

Evaluating

Perscribing

4 step outline

D A M P

Describing motor skills

Anatomical analysis

Mechanical analysis

Perscription for improvement

Joint action and segment motion

muscle participation and the neuromuscular mechanisms involved.

Simultaneous:Various body segments move as one

Sequential:Use of body segments in an orderly sequence

Support, Protection, and an intracate system of levers

Skull, Vertabrea, and Ribs

71 bones

Extremities, Shoulder Girdle, and Pelvis

126 bones

Trunk: Head, Neck Thorax Abdomen

Upper Extremeties: Arm, Forearm, Hand

Lower Extremeties

Thigh, Leg, and Feet

Dorsal/Posterior=Back   Ventral/Anterior=Front

Superior=Top

Inferior=Bottom

Proximal=Closer to body

Distal=Away from body

Medial=inside

Lateral=outside

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesamoid

Typical Boney Features

pt. 1

Diaphysis: Shaft

Epiphysis: Ends of long bones

Cancelleous:Spongey trabecular

Epiphyseal Plate: Growth plate, thin cartilage seperating Diaphysis & Epiphysis

Typical Boney Features

pt. 2

Cortex: Dense bone forming walls of Diaphysis

Periosteum: Fiberous membrane covering Diaphysis

Endosteum: Lines inside of Cortex

Medullary: Marrow cavity

60-70% of dry bone weight is calcium carbonate/phosphate

25-30% of dry bone weight is collagen

25-30% of total bone weight is water

Synarthrodial: No Movement

Amphiarthrodial: Slightly Moveable

Diarthrodial: Versatile

1. Ball & Socket

2. Condyloid/Elliptical

3. Gliding Joint

4. Hinge Joint

5. Pivot Joint

6. Saddle Joint

Stability

The resistance to displacement

Sagital

Frontal

Transverse

Transverse

Anteroposterior

Longitudial

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Muscle belly-

Epimysium-

Perimysium-

Fasciculus-

Endomysium-

Single Muscle Fiber-

Sarcoplasm-

Sarcolemma-

Myofibril

Muscle contraction causes cross bridges to

grab and pull/rotate on the Actin. This pulls

Z lines closer together exerting

muscular force.

I-SO Fibers

Continuation of connective tissue

surrounding muscle

Gradual increase in stiffness from muscle

to bone

Little pockets of sunovial fluid that surround

tendons to pad them

Effect of force occurs here.

Must be offset from joint center

force is equally distributed at both ends

Strap

Fusiform

Tricipital

Triangular

Uipennate

Bipennate

Multipennate

Muscle is trying to shorten,

but is pulled apart instead

Muscle tries to shorten but

external load equals force

so no shortening action

or contraction occurs

Muscle shortens or lengthens at

same speed throughout activity

Muscle that lengthens during the

action, could be active or passive

Acts to prevent undesired

muscle movement at a joint

Sacomeres arranged in series means

they are arranged:

Sacomeres arranged in Parallel

means they are arranged:

Force Modifiers

Length (relative to resting length)

Velocity of shortening/lengthening

Activation level

• Horizontal movement NOT affected by gravity.
• Lifting against gravity is a CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
• Slower lowering with gravity is an ECENTRIC CONTRACTION

Muscle changes length, but is

NOT activated by nervous system

Active movement

(2 types)

1. Slow: Muscle will remain

active throughout motion

2.Fast/Ballistic: Muscle will usually

only be active for a short

period of time

Central Nervous System

Core, axial skeleton

Sensory

Motor

Interneurons

Bundle of Neurons enclosed in connective

tissue known as a sheath

Single motor Neuron and all the fibers

it innervates

10-2000+ fibers

(all fibers of the same type and contract together)

contain few fibers: 10-100

Slow twitch type 1

Fine control

Many fibers: 1,000+

Fast twitch fibers

Gross movement

Over time stimulation of the muscle will

"plateau" or reach a point known

as "fused" tetanus

Neurons that react to our 5 senses and

the external enviroment

React to internal enviromental conditions

Balance, Position, and Acceleration

Protect Head.

If you are falling, want to get head out of harms way, reflex will be to hyperextend or flex the neck

Tonic Neck Reflexes

Protect the Head

Induces hand movement to cover/protect face

Head goes forward,

Pull arms in

Head goes back or stays in place

Push arms out

Flexor and Crossed Extensor Reflexes 

Skin level.

Upper and Lower extremities

Withdraw Reflex

Upper & Lower Extremities

Withdraw limb from source of pain

1. Cerebral Cortex

2. Basal Ganglia

3. Cerebellum

4. Brainstem

5. Spinal Cord

Idea that we know where we are in relation

to joint positioning

Downregulation of opposite side

pertaining to muscle

Part of Anatomical Analysis.

Asessing how you might be able

to make a movement more effective