Term
| What structure separates the thorax and abdominal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 functions of the chest wall? |
|
Definition
Protection of contents
Breathing (via diaphragm & intercostals)
Attachments of muscles |
|
|
Term
| What structures form the THORACIC WALL |
|
Definition
| 12 ribs, 12 vertebrae (T1-T12), sternum |
|
|
Term
| Where does the thoracic cage attach to the upper limb? |
|
Definition
At STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
Between manubrium & clavicle |
|
|
Term
| Where is the thoracic cage narrowest/widest? |
|
Definition
Narrowest - at top (inlet)
Widest - at ribs 7-8 (outlet) |
|
|
Term
| What is the THORACIC inlet defined by as its borders? |
|
Definition
Anterior - superior aspect of manubrium
Posterior - T1 (vertebra)
Laterally - rib 1 (on either side) |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures that pass through the THORACIC INLET? |
|
Definition
Esophagus
Trachea
Common Carotid & Subclavian Arteries
Jugular & Subclavian Veins
L & R Phrenic & Vagus Nerves
L & R Sympathetic Trunks |
|
|
Term
| What defines the borders of the THORACIC OUTLET? |
|
Definition
Anterior - costal margin (fused cartilages of ribs 7-10)
Posterior - T12
Laterally - 11th and 12th ribs |
|
|
Term
| What is the costal margin? |
|
Definition
| The fused costal cartilage of ribs 7 to 10 |
|
|
Term
| The fusion of the costal cartilages of which ribs forms the costal margin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures pass through the COSTAL OUTLET? |
|
Definition
Esophagus
Aorta
IVC
L & R Vagus Nerves
L & R Sympathetic Trunks
Thoracic Duct |
|
|
Term
| What structures pass through BOTH the thoracic inlet and outlet? |
|
Definition
Esophagus
L&R Vagi
L&R Sympathetic TrunksEsophagus
L |
|
|
Term
| What structure provides anterior attachment for the ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many components and how many joints unite the sternum? Name them. |
|
Definition
3 components - manubrium, body, xyphoid
2 joints - manubriosternal, xyphisternal |
|
|
Term
| What structures does the manubrium articulate with? |
|
Definition
| Clavicle, 1st and 2nd ribs |
|
|
Term
| Where are the notches/facets located on the manubrium relative to each other? |
|
Definition
Jugular/Suprasternal - superior & in middle
Clavicular Notches - lateral to jugular notch
Facets for 1st rib - inferior to clavicular notches |
|
|
Term
| Where does the 2nd rib articulate with anteriorly? |
|
Definition
Demifacet on manubrium (superior) and body of sternum (inferior)
Joint is FIBROCARTILAGINOUS |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the manubriosternal joint? |
|
Definition
NOT in a STRAIGHT LINE - Sternal Angle of Louis
Joint is in the anteroposterior plane |
|
|
Term
| Which ribs articulate with which parts of the sternum? |
|
Definition
Rib 1 - with manubrium
Rib 2 - with manubrium/body
Ribs 3-6 - with body
Ribs 7-10 - with body/xyphoid; 8-10 are via costal cartilage of 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pairs 1-7 = TRUE (attached directly to sternum)
Pairs 8-12 = FALSE |
|
|
Term
| Which ribs DO NOT articulate? |
|
Definition
| Ribs 11 and 12 (floating ribs) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the subclavian artery & vein pass in relation to the scalene tubercle on the 1st rib? |
|
Definition
| Vein passes in FRONT, artery passes BEHIND |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of a typical rib? |
|
Definition
| Head, Neck, Tubercle, Shaft, Distal End |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the rib has the demifacet? Where does this part articulate? |
|
Definition
HEAD has the demifacet
Head articulates posteriorly with the vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What vertebral level does each rib articulate at? |
|
Definition
Articulates with the vertebra of the SAME LEVEL and the one ABOVE it
E.g. Rib 5 - articulates with T5 and T4 |
|
|
Term
| Which scalenes articulate at the scalene tubercle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vertebrae do not have 2 demifacets? How many does each have? |
|
Definition
T1 - 1 and 1/2 facets
T10 - 1 demifacet
T11 & T12 - 1 facet |
|
|
Term
| Which vertebrae have 2 demifacets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate? |
|
Definition
| With the transverse process of the T vertebrae (have facet for articulation there) |
|
|
Term
| Surfaces of the tubercle of the rib? |
|
Definition
| Articular surface (for costotransverse joint) and non-articular |
|
|
Term
| Where is the subcostal groove located? |
|
Definition
| Interior, along the SHAFT of the rib |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/3 of the way around; rib starts to point anteriorly and inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| What type of joints are the costosternal joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligaments hold the head of the ribs in place in the costovertebral joints? |
|
Definition
The RADIATE LIGAMENTS anteriorly secure the head
The INTRA-ARTICULAR LIGAMENT secures the head deep in the joint with the disc |
|
|
Term
| What joints formed by the ribs and other bones are very similar? |
|
Definition
| Costovertebral - head of rib with vertebrae - and the sternocostal - costal cartilage with sternum - are both very similar |
|
|
Term
| Ligaments securing the costotransverse joints? |
|
Definition
Larger MEDIAL and smaller LATERAL costotransverse ligaments
Superior costotransverse ligament - runs between neck of rib, and T-process of vertebra above it |
|
|
Term
| Another name for the medial costotransverse ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibers run down and forward
Aponeurosis is ANTERIOR
Muscular portion is POSTERIOR and LATERAL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibers run down and backwards
Aponeurosis is POSTERIOR
Muscular portion is ANTERIOR and LATERAL |
|
|
Term
| Innermost intercostals... |
|
Definition
3 incomplete layers - posterior, lateral, and anterior
Anterior portion also called TRANSVERSUS THORACIS
All joined by thin aponeuroses, very variable |
|
|
Term
| Where is the SUBCOSTAL SPACE located? |
|
Definition
| In the area inferior to rib 12 |
|
|
Term
| Where is the INTERCOSTAL SPACE located? |
|
Definition
In between the internal & innermost intercostals
Contains - vein, artery, nerve (superior to inferior) in the subcostal groove |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of intercostal nerves are there? What are the formed by? |
|
Definition
11 pairs -> T1 to T11
Formed by the ANTERIOR RAMI of the spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What intercostal nerve has a part of it that forms part of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branching of the intercostal nerves? |
|
Definition
Collaterals supply sensory info to skin; merge with dorsal rami branches and anterior cutaneous nerves
Anterior cutaneous nerves are terminal portion of intercostal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What other nerves do the collaterals of the intercostal nerves merge with? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal rami of spinal nerves & anteiror cutaneous nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where do MOST posterior intercostal arteries arise from? What are the exceptions and where are they from? |
|
Definition
Most posterior arteries come off AORTA
EXCEPTIONS - arteries for ribs 1 and 2 come off the SUPREME INTERCOSTAL artery (branch from subclavian) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the posterior intercostal arteries for ribs 1 and 2 branch from? What is this branch a tributary of? |
|
Definition
| Branch from the SUPREME INTERCOSTAL ARTERY, which is a branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY |
|
|
Term
| Where do all anterior intercostal arteries directly or indirectly branch from? |
|
Definition
| The INTERNAL THORACIC (INTERNAL MAMMARY) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the internal thoracic branch from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior intercostal arteries branch from... |
|
Definition
1 to 6 - branch from INTERNAL THORACIC
7 to 12 - branch from MUSCULOPHRENIC |
|
|
Term
| Path of INTERNAL THORACIC artery... |
|
Definition
Branches from subclavian artery; runs down lateral to sternum, lateral to internal thoracic vein
Bifurcates at the costal margin into SUPERIOR EPIGASTRIC and MUSCULOPHRENIC arteries |
|
|
Term
| Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries anastomose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name where all of the INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES branch from... |
|
Definition
Posterior 1 & 2 = supreme intercostal
Posterior 3-12 = aorta
Anterior 1-6 = internal thoracic
Posterior 7-12 = musculophrenic |
|
|
Term
| Posterior intercostal veins drainage... |
|
Definition
R side - into AZYGOS
L side - intro HEMIAZYGOS |
|
|
Term
| Anterior intercostal veins drainage... |
|
Definition
| ALL drain into INTERNAL THORACIC vein, which then drains into brachiocephalic veins |
|
|
Term
| Name all of the tributaries of the drainage pathway for the INTERCOSTAL VEINS... |
|
Definition
Posterior R side - into AZYGOS
Posterior L side - into HEMIAZYGOS (then azygos)
Anterior - into INTERNAL THORACIC (then brachiocephalic) |
|
|
Term
| What structures pass through the DIAPHRAGM? |
|
Definition
| The esophagus, the IVC, the aorta, the L&R vagi, and the L&R sympathetic trunks |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation to the diaphragm and from which roots do these nerves arise? |
|
Definition
| The L&R PHRENIC nerves (from C3-C5) |
|
|
Term
| Origins of the diaphragm... |
|
Definition
LUMBAR - 2 crura from L1 to L3; medial & lateral arcuate ligaments
COSTAL - from lat. arc. ligament to rib 12, to costal cartilages 7-12
STERNAL - from costal cartilages to xyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| Where does the R dome of the diaphragm rise to in the male? |
|
Definition
| Rises to 1 cm below the right nipple in male |
|
|
Term
| Where do fibers of the diaphragm insert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actions of the diaphragm during inspiration vs. expiration? |
|
Definition
Inspiration - fibers contract, tendon pulled down and cavity volume is increased
Expiration - fibers relax, tendon moves back up, volume of cavity decreased |
|
|
Term
| At which levels do the structures pierce the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
T8 - IVC (pierces central tendon)
T10 - esophagus & vagi (pierce central tendon)
T12 - aorta pierces between crura |
|
|
Term
| At which levels do the structures pierce the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
T8 - IVC (pierces central tendon)
T10 - esophagus & vagi (pierce central tendon)
T12 - aorta pierces between crura |
|
|
Term
| Alternate name for thoracic inlet/outlet? |
|
Definition
| Superior/inferior THORACIC APERTURE |
|
|
Term
| Relative position of intercostal vasculature and innervation in the subcostal groove? |
|
Definition
| VEIN, ARTERY, NERVE (superior to inferior) |
|
|
Term
| # of intercostal nerves? What about the last pair? |
|
Definition
| 11 pairs of intercostal nerves (T1 to T11); last pair is SUBCOSTAL (for rib 12) |
|
|
Term
| Main function of the circulatory system? Secondary functions? |
|
Definition
Bring oxygenated blood to all regions of body
Hormonal delivery, transports nutrients to GI tract, carries CO2 to lungs for excretion |
|
|
Term
| What systems are NOT included in systemic circulation? |
|
Definition
The pulmonary circulation (to lungs)
The hepatic portal circulation (from GI tract to liver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tricuspid valve - R side of heart (between R atrium & ventricle)
Bicuspid (mitral) valve - L side of heart (between L atrium & ventricle) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of aortic arch (from proximal to distal)... |
|
Definition
| Brachiocephalic (which turns into R subclavian & common carotid), L common carotid, L subclavian |
|
|
Term
| # of layers in pericardium? |
|
Definition
| 3 layers - fibrous + 2 layered serous |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue makes up the fibrous pericardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fibrous pericardium fused to? |
|
Definition
Fused to serous pericardium
At base, is fused to the CENTRAL TENDON of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| How many layers make up the serous pericardium? |
|
Definition
| 2 layers - visceral & parietal |
|
|
Term
| Another name for visceral pericardium? |
|
Definition
| EPICARDIUM (because it is fused to the outer layer of the heart itself) |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the serous pericardium fused to? |
|
Definition
Parietal (outer) - fused to fibrous pericardium
Visceral (inner) - fused to myocardium of heart |
|
|
Term
| How many borders and surfaces does the heart have? |
|
Definition
| 4 borders (R/L, superior, inferior); 3 surfaces (anterior, L, diaphragmatic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
R Border - wall of R atrium; continuous line with SVC/IVC
L Border - L ventricle & L auricle
Superior Border - origin of great vessels
Inferior Border - R atrium, R ventricle; little bit of L ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anterior - R atrium, R ventricle, L ventricle
Left - L ventricle
Diaphragmatic - R and L ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atrioventricular (Coronary) - superificial to AV septum
Interventricular - superficial to IV septum |
|
|
Term
| Where is the coronary sinus located? |
|
Definition
| In the wall of the R atrium, to the L of the opening of the IVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ridge separating the smooth walled portion and muscular portion of the R atrium |
|
|
Term
| What part of the R atrium do the IVC/SVC empty into? |
|
Definition
| Empty into the SMOOTH WALLED portion of the atrium |
|
|
Term
| Where are the pectinate muscles located? What do they run towards? |
|
Definition
| Located in the R and L atria; run towards the atrial appendage/auricle |
|
|
Term
| What do the L and R auricles project around? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the fossa ovalis located? |
|
Definition
| In the interatrial septum |
|
|
Term
| When does the R AV valve (tricuspid) close? |
|
Definition
| During ventricular systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Funnel shaped portion of R ventricle which leads to pulmonary valve |
|
|
Term
| Chordae Tendinae & Papillary Muscles |
|
Definition
| Prevent prolapse of the AV valves back into the atria (stop backflow); tendinae attached to valve, papillary muscles attached to tendinae |
|
|
Term
| Muscular ridges in the walls of the ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inferior to papillary muscles of ventricles; links IV septum with ventricular wall |
|
|
Term
| Parts of interventricular septum? |
|
Definition
Upper part = MEMBRANOUS
Lower part = MUSCULAR |
|
|
Term
| Which atrium forms part of the base of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On average how many pulmonary veins drain into the L atrium from each lung? |
|
Definition
| Usually 2 per lung (therefore 4 in total) |
|
|
Term
| How many times thicker is the wall of the L ventricle compared to the R ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cusps do the semilunar valves have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enhances closure of semilunar valves? |
|
Definition
| Nodules present at center of each cusp |
|
|
Term
| Relation of aorta to pulmonary trunk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specializations exist at the base of the pulmonary trunk & aorta? |
|
Definition
Have 3 bulges known as SINUSES; each is superior to the cusps of the semilunar valves
From two aortic sinuses, CORONARY ARTERIES arise |
|
|
Term
| Where do the coronary arteries arise from? |
|
Definition
| Arise from the AORTIC SINUSES at the base of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| Path of R CORONARY ARTERY... |
|
Definition
Travels under R auricle, to the R AV sulcus; travels along sulcus to posterior aspect and descends down posterior IV sulcus (becomes posterior IV artery)
At R border of heart, gives off R marginal branch |
|
|
Term
| Main branches of R coronary artery... |
|
Definition
Posterior IV artery - runs down posterior IV sulcus
R marginal artery - branches at R border; supplies ventricular wall |
|
|
Term
| Path of L CORONARY ARTERY... |
|
Definition
| Travels under L auricle, bifurcates into anterior IV artery and circumflex artery |
|
|
Term
| Circle & Loop Schematic... |
|
Definition
Anterior & posterior IV arteries anastomose at the apex of the heart
Circumflex (from L coronary) and R coronary artery anastomose posteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Travels up anterior IV sulcus, around L AV sulcus, enlarges in back to become coronary sinus to drain into R atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Travels up posterior IV sulcus and drains into coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Runs up R border, passes around R AV sulcus to posterior to empty into coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cardiac plexus located? |
|
Definition
| Posterior to the HEART and anterior to the bifurcation of the trachea |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic & postganglionic branches to cardiac plexus? |
|
Definition
Preganglionic - from T1 to T4
Postganglionic - from all cervical & T1-T4 ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic innervation to heart causes? |
|
Definition
| Increased heart rate, contractile force, and flow through cardiac circulation |
|
|
Term
| Where does parasympathetic innervation come from? Where are the synapses? |
|
Definition
| From the L and R vagus nerves; usually synapse in cardiac plexus, then end in SA or AV nodes |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker in the healthy heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| R atrium, near the SVC opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In lower part of interatrial septum |
|
|
Term
| What do the L and R bundle branches of the heart supply? |
|
Definition
| The L and R ventricles with rhythmicity information |
|
|
Term
| Defined borders of mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| Mediastinum = space in between the two parietal pleura of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lung not surrounded by pleural coverings? |
|
Definition
| At the HILUS (root of lung) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal |
|
|
Term
| # of lobes in each lung and the fissures that divide them... |
|
Definition
Left Lung - 2 lobes (superior & inferior); separated by oblique fissure
R Lung - 3 lobes; horizontal fissure separates superior and middle; oblique fissure separates middle and inferior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flap of tissue attached to L lung near inferior part which normally wraps around heart anteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dome shaped anterior portion of each lung (apex); extends above 1st rib into root of neck |
|
|
Term
| Arrangement of structures at hilus of lung? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary artery - superior
Primary bronchus - middle, posterior
Pulmonary vein - inferior |
|
|
Term
| # of secondary bronchi on each side? |
|
Definition
R primary bronchus splits into 3 secondary bronchi (1 per lobe)
L primary bronchus splits into 2 secondary bronchi (1 per lobe) |
|
|
Term
| What do tertiary bronchi supply? |
|
Definition
| Bronchopulmonary segments (lobules) |
|
|
Term
| What delivers oxygenated blood to pulmonary tissues? |
|
Definition
| The paired BRONCHIAL arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary muscle of respiration? |
|
Definition
| The DIAPHRAGM (need contraction/relaxation for breathing to occur) |
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary muscles of respiration? |
|
Definition
| Intercostals, scalenes, pectoral msucles |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic innervation to the lungs |
|
Definition
Sympathetic - both pre and postaganglionic from T2-T4; travel to pulmonary plexus
Parasympathetic - from CN X; synapse in plexus |
|
|
Term
| Effects of autonomic innervation to the lungs? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic - bronchodilation
Parasympathetic - bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cardiac notch of the lung located? |
|
Definition
| On the mediastinal surface of the L lung |
|
|
Term
| What is the sharp bifurcation point of the trachea called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do any synapses occur in the pulmonary plexus with the pulmonary splanchnics? |
|
Definition
| NO (have already synapsed in sympathetic trunk) |
|
|
Term
| How many compartments can the mediastinum be divided into? |
|
Definition
| 4 - superior, anterior, middle, posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Area above T4/T5 intervert. disc
Location of - great vessels, trachea, esophagus, L&R vagi & phrenic nerves |
|
|
Term
| Structures located in superior compartment of medaistinum? |
|
Definition
| Roots of the great vessels, trachea, esophagus, L&R vagi and phrenic nerves |
|
|
Term
| Structures located in superior compartment of medaistinum? |
|
Definition
| Roots of the great vessels, trachea, esophagus, L&R vagi and phrenic nerves |
|
|
Term
| Structures located in superior compartment of medaistinum? |
|
Definition
| Roots of the great vessels, trachea, esophagus, L&R vagi and phrenic nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Below T4/T5 intervert. disc and anterior to heart
Contains fat & thymus gland |
|
|
Term
| Structures located in superior compartment of medaistinum? |
|
Definition
| Roots of the great vessels, trachea, esophagus, L&R vagi and phrenic nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains heart & pericardium; ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descending aorta, esophagus, hilus of lungs, posterior thoracic wall structures |
|
|
Term
| Path of venous drainage from jugular to SVC... |
|
Definition
L and R jugular veins form in the jugular fossae of the skull; drain into the L and R subclavian veins, which drain into the L and R brachiocephalic veins
Brachiocephalic veins unite (on R side of body) and form the SVC |
|
|
Term
| Last tributary into SVC before it enters R atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First 2 branches of ascending aorta? |
|
Definition
| The L and R coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| Length of ascending aorta before it becomes aortic arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Runs beneath AORTIC ARCH to the "T" of PULMONARY TRUNK; vestige of embryological ductus arteriosus |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the vertebral column does the descending aorta run down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mediastinal compartments of the different parts of the aorta? |
|
Definition
Ascending - MIDDLE
Arch - SUPERIOR
Descending - POSTERIOR |
|
|
Term
| Branches from DESCENDING AORTA... |
|
Definition
Intercostal - most posterior; paired
Bronchial - anterior; paired
Esophageal - unpaired |
|
|
Term
| Location of esophagus relative to aorta & thoracic duct? |
|
Definition
| Esophagus is to the RIGHT of the aorta, and to the LEFT and ANTERIOR to the thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| At what level does the trachea bifurcate? |
|
Definition
| At the level of the T4/T5 intervertebral disc |
|
|
Term
| Path of LEFT vagus through mediastinum... |
|
Definition
Runs around right side of aortic arch, then heads to the L side of the esophagus
Sends off RECURRENT BRANCH which goes back up around the arch of the aorta and recurs to the larynx |
|
|
Term
| Path of RIGHT VAGUS NERVE... |
|
Definition
Travels down R side of esophagus, just anterior to R subclavian artery
Gives off RECURRENT BRANCH around the R subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| Where do the R and L recurrent laryngeal branches each begin? |
|
Definition
L recurrent - around the arch of aorta & ligamentum arteriosum
R recurrent - around R subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| Where do the phrenic nerves enter the thorax relative to vagi? |
|
Definition
| Enter lateral to vagi, then attach to pericardium on their way to the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Where does thoracic duct arise from? Where does it enter thorax? What does it drain into? |
|
Definition
Arises from CISTERNA CHYLI
Enters thorax via aortic hiatus at T12
Drains into where L subclavian vein meets L internal jugular |
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Term
| What side of the thorax does the thoracic duct run up and where does it drain into? |
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Definition
| Runs up RIGHT side of thorax, crosses over, then drains into L subclavian where it meets L internal jugular vein |
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Term
| 3 structures of posterior thoracic wall |
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Definition
| Thoracic duct, symp. trunks, azygos & hemiazygos veins |
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Term
| At what level does the azygos vein drain into the SVC? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many posterior intercostal veins typically drain into each hemiazygos? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what level does the azygos vein drain into the SVC? |
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Definition
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Term
| Roof and floor of abdominopelvic cavity? |
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Definition
Roof = diaphragm proper
Floor = pelvic diaphragm (levator ani) |
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Term
| Analogues of abdominal muscles to intercostal muscles? |
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Definition
External intercostals = external obliques
Internal intercostals = internal obliques
Innermost intercostals = transversus abdominis |
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Term
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Definition
O - ribs 5 to 12; fibers run down and forwards
I - rectus sheath (upper fibers) and iliac crest/inguinal ligament (lower fibers) |
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Term
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Definition
O - iliac crest
I - lower 4 ribs (posterior fibers), rectus sheath (middle fibers), inguinal ligament (lower fibers) |
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Term
| Fiber directions of INTERNAL OBLIQUES |
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Definition
Upper - run at right angles to EO fibers (up and back)
Middle - horizontal
Lower - parallel to EO fibers (down and forward) |
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Term
| Internal oblique insertion... |
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Definition
Posterior fibers - ribs 9-12
Middle fibers - rectus sheath
Lower fibers - inguinal ligament |
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Term
| External oblique insertion... |
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Definition
Upper fibers - rectus sheath
Lower fibers - iliac crest & inguinal ligament |
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Term
| Which abdominal muscle is the CREMASTER part of? |
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Definition
| The lower fibers of the INTERNAL OBLIQUE |
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Term
| 2 muscles of posterior abdominal wall? Which direction do they run? |
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Definition
| Iliopsoas & Quadratus Lumborum; both run vertically |
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Term
| Transversus abdominis fibers run from...to... |
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Definition
| From iliac crest, costal cartilages 7-12, lumbar fascia TO its aponeurosis (rectus sheath) |
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Term
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Definition
T-processes of lumbar vertebrae & iliac fossa to femur
Innervated by branches of L1 to L3 |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral to iliopsoas
From lower part of rib 12 and t-processes of L vertebrae to the posterior iliac crest
Innervated by branches from L1 to L4 |
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Term
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Definition
O - symphsis pubis/pubic crest
I - costal cartilages 5-7 |
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Term
| Lateral margin of each rectus abdominis? |
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Definition
| Linea semilunaris (curved margin) |
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Term
| How many segments exist in each rectus abdominis (on either side of linea alba) and how many intersections are there? |
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Definition
| 3 tendinous intersections = 4 segments |
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Term
| What aponeurosis encloses the rectus abdominis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Relation of aponeuroses and recti abdominis? |
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Definition
EO aponeurosis is ANTERIOR to them
IO aponeurosis splits to go ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
TA aponeurosis is POSTERIOR to them |
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Term
| What do the aponeuroses of the lateral abdominal musculature fuse in the midline to form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Innervation of abdominal muscles? |
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Definition
| Segmentally done by lower T nerves and lumbar spinal nerves |
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Term
| What is the level of the umbilicus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of abdominal muscles? |
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Definition
FLEX abdomen (rectus abd)
Rotate and adduct/abduct (lateral muscles) |
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Term
| What forms the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths? |
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Definition
Anterior = EO aponeurosis + 1/2 of IO aponeurosis
Posterior = TA aponeurosis + 1/2 of IO aponeurosis |
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Term
| What structures does the INGUINAL LIGAMENT run in between? |
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Definition
| The ASIS and the PUBIC TUBERCLE |
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Term
| What is the inguinal ligament made up from? |
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Definition
| From fibers derived from lateral abdominal muscles (EO, IO) |
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Term
| Where do indirect inguinal hernias typically occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fibers form the inguinal canal? |
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Definition
| FIbers from lateral abdominal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Located in hiatus of transversus abdominis; lateral and superior to the superficial ring
Entrance to canal |
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Term
| Superficial Inguinal Ring |
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Definition
Located in hiatus of external oblique; medial and inferior
Exit to canal, leading into cremaster muscle |
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Term
| Structures passing through INGUINAL CANAL in males vs. females... |
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Definition
MALES - spermatic cord, vas deferens, vessels to testes, cremaster
FEMALES - round ligament of uterus, cremaster |
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Term
| Where do the spinal nerves supplying the superior abdominal wall come from? What levels supply the umbilicus and symphsis pubis? |
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Definition
T7-L1 = superior abdominal wall
T10 = umbilicus
T12 = pubic symphsis |
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Term
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Definition
T12-L5
Supplies inferior abdominal wall, inguinal region, lower limb |
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Term
| What two nerves supply the inferior abdominal wall? |
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Definition
| Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric |
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Term
| Genitofemoral nerve supplies? |
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Definition
| Sensory to inner thigh & motor to cremaster |
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Term
| Divisions of the GI tract - what is included in the foregut, midgut, hindgut? |
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Definition
Foregut = esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum
Midgut = distal duodenum to 2/3 of way along T-colon
Hindgut = 2/3 of way along T-colon to rectum |
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Term
| What part of the gut does each splanchnic nerve supply? |
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Definition
Greater splanchnic - FOREGUT
Lesser splanchnic - MIDGUT
Lumbar splanchnic - HINDGUT |
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Term
| Examples of PREAORTIC plexuses? |
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Definition
| Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric |
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Term
| Examples of PARA-AORTIC plexuses? |
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Definition
| Renal, Inferior Hypogastric |
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Term
| What parasympathetic innervation is responsible for the sections of the gut? |
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Definition
CN X (vagus) - FOREGUT & MIDGUT
S2, S3, S4 - HINDGUT (via inferior & superior hypogastric plexus to the inferior mesenteric) |
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Term
| What are the nerve roots for the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the enteric plexuses, what is the majority of the innervation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Submucosal (Meissner's) Plexus
Myenteric (Auerbach's) Plexus - in between 2 layers of muscle |
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Term
| What does each enteric plexus supply? |
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Definition
Submucosal/Meissner's - supplies epithelial glands
Myenteric/Auerbach's - supplies muscle promoting peristalsis |
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Term
| Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Innervation on Peristalsis & Sphincters |
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Definition
Symp. = inhibit peristalsis & constrict sphincters
Parasymp. = promote peristalsis & relax sphincters |
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Term
| What are the majority of the ganglia & plexuses in the abdominopelvic cavity? |
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Definition
| Majority are PREAORTIC (PREVERTEBRAL) |
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Term
| What is the path of the parasympathetic innervation to the HINDGUT? |
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Definition
| Starts at S2-S4, then to inferior Hypogastric plexuses to hypogastric nerve to superior hypogastric plexuses to inferior mesenteric plexuses |
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Term
| What are the two pelvic plexuses? |
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Definition
| The superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses |
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Term
| Where are the skin and fascia of the scrotum formed from? |
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Definition
| The anterior abdominal wall |
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Term
| Muscle responsible for rugose nature of scrotum? What kind of muscle is it made of? |
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Definition
| DARTOS - made of smooth muscle |
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Term
| Where is the dartos located in the scrotum? |
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Definition
| In the SUPERFICIAL FASCIA |
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Term
| What is the fascia deep to the dartos known as? |
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Definition
| The deep (spermatic) fascia |
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Term
| Peritoneal sac enclosing testes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Complex network of veins draining testes; near lower spermatic cord |
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Term
| Approximately how long are the testes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tunics of the testes and where they are in position to each other |
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Definition
| Most superficial is parietal layer of tunica vaginalis, then visceral layer; deepest is the thick capsule of the testes - tunica albuginea |
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Term
| Individually, what is each testis made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Main function of seminiferous tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Path of a sperm cell through testes and associated ducts... |
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Definition
Produced in the seminiferous tubules, secreted into the efferent ducts, then to the epididymis
First, travels through head, then body, then to tail of epididymis before reaching vas deferens |
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Term
| When stretched out, how long is the epididymis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Storage and transport of sperm
Potentiation of sperm (needed for fertility) |
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Term
| How long is the vas deferens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two structures does the vas deferens connect? |
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Definition
| The tail of the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (via ampulla) |
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Term
| What happens to sperm if they are not potentiated in the epididymis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What other two serous membranes is the peritoneum similar to? |
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Definition
| The pericardium and the pleura |
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Term
| What part of the peritoneum connects the GI tract to the posterior abdominal wall? |
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Definition
| The MESENTERY (double layer of peritoneum connecting the parietal layers) |
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Term
| At what point does the parietal peritoneum connect with the visceral peritoneum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the peritoneum covers the underside of the diaphragm and lines abdominopelvic walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the peritoneum lines the GI tract, liver and spleen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between greater and lesser omentum |
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Definition
GREATER - from greater curvature of stomach to T-colon; covers abdominal contents anteriorly
LESSER - from lesser curvature of stomach to the liver |
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Term
| What connects the stomach and liver? |
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Definition
| The LESSER OMENTUM (from lesser curvature to liver) |
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Term
| What is the space behind the lesser omentum and stomach called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Retroperitoneal organs include... |
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Definition
Part of duodenum
Ascending & descending colon; rectum
Kidneys & suprarenal glands
Ureters and bladder
Pancreas
Reproductive structures
Major BV's (located in mesentery) |
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Term
| At what points does the GI tract begin and end? |
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Definition
Begins - where esophagus empties into stomach
Ends - where rectum empties into anus |
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Term
| Which parts of the GI tract are located in the abdomen vs. the pelvis? |
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Definition
Abdomen - stomach, small intestine, all of colon up to sigmoid
Pelvis - sigmoid colon and rectum |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the stomach? |
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Definition
| Fundus (superior), body, pyloric antrum (inferior) |
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Term
| Ridges in mucosa of stomach are known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest part of the stomach? |
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Definition
| The body (between lesser and greater curvatures) |
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Term
| How long is the duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the stomach sits under the L dome of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Superior limb, descending limb, inferior limb, ascending limb |
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Term
| Where is the duodenal papilla located (which limb)? |
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Definition
| The DESCENDING LIMB (2nd portion) |
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Term
| How long is the combined length of the jejunum and ileum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Main differences between ileum and jejunum? |
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Definition
Mainly histological differences
Also, ILEUM has more complex system of ARCADES
ILEUM is more likely to have mesenteric fat surrounding it |
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Term
| Where is the cecum in relation to the peritoneum? |
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Definition
| Located within peritoneal cavity, therefore INTRAPERITONEAL (has a mesentery) |
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Term
| Location of jejunum vs. ileum in abdominal cavity? |
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Definition
Jejunum - upper left
Ileum - lower right |
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Term
| What are the mesenteries of the transverse colon and sigmoid colon known as? |
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Definition
T-colon - transverse mesocolon
Sigmoid - sigmoid mesocolon |
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Term
| 3 important features of the large intestine? |
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Definition
Teniae Coli - 3 longitudinal strips of muscle
Haustra - sacculations of the long intestine
Epiploic Appendages - fat sacs in visceral peritoneum |
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Term
| Why do the haustra form in the large intestine? |
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Definition
| Due to the 3 strips of teniae coli being shorter than the large intestine itself |
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Term
| What ligament separates the two lobes of the liver anteriorly? What is the extension inferiorly and what is its importance? |
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Definition
Falciform ligament separates the lobes
Ligamentum teres is inferior extension; vestige of embryological umbilical vein |
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Term
| Where is the gall bladder located in relation to the liver? |
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Definition
| Often sits under the R lobe of the liver |
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Term
| What is immediately superior to the liver? |
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Definition
| The R dome of the diaphragm and the central tendon |
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Term
| Relation of IVC to quadrate & caudate lobes (and their relation to each other)? |
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Definition
Quadrate and caudate lobes are to the LEFT of the IVC
Caudate is superior, quadrate is inferior |
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Term
| What are the structures involved in the extra-hepatic biliary apparatus? |
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Definition
Common hepatic duct (+ L&R hepatic ducts)
Common bile duct
Gall bladder and cystic duct |
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Term
| Where does the fused pancreatic/common bile duct enter the duodenum? |
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Definition
| Through the SPHINCTER of ODDI |
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Term
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Definition
| Head, Uncinate Process, Body, Tail |
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Term
| What structures does the pancreas sit adjacent to? |
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Definition
Head & uncinate process are adjacent to curvature of duodenum (superior, descending, inferior limbs)
Tail sits next to the hilum of spleen |
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Term
| Where is the spleen located in the abdomen? |
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Definition
| Spleen is located in the upper left abdomen |
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Term
| Curvature of inner vs. outer surface of the spleen? |
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Definition
Outer = convex
Inner = concave, faces right at hilum |
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Term
| Where are the kidneys and bladder located respectively? |
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Definition
Kidneys are in ABDOMEN
Bladder is in the PELVIS |
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Term
| What protects the spleen from damage? |
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Definition
| The THORACIC CAGE (even though spleen is in abdominal cavity) |
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Term
| How many minor calyces feed into each major calyx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Path of filtrate/urine through kidney to ureter? |
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Definition
From glomerulus, to renal tubule, to collecting duct
Duct drains into renal pyramids in medulla, through renal papilla into minor calyx
Minor calyces drain into major calyces, which drain into renal pelvis and into ureter |
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Term
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Definition
| From the large renal arteries; almost immediately, arteries branch into LOBAR ARTERIES which supply each pyramid |
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Term
| Which is longer, R or L renal arteries vs. veins? |
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Definition
R renal artery is longer
L renal vein is longer |
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Term
| Smooth walled area of bladder? |
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Definition
| Trigone - smooth walled section between the two ureteral openings and urethral orifice |
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Term
| Main sympathetic innervation to kidney is from? |
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Definition
| LEAST SPLANCHNIC nerve (via renal plexus) |
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Term
| How many pyramids exist in the medulla of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many sphincters exist in the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what joint is the apex of the bladder located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle of the bladder contracts when you pee? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Actions on the KIDNEYS |
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Definition
Sympathetic - vasoconstriction to DECREASE renal output
Parasympathetic - vasodilation to INCREASE renal output |
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Term
| Parasympathetics going to the bladder travel from... |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the gut does the vagus innervate? |
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Definition
FOREGUT and MIDGUT only
**HINDGUT is by pelvic splanchnics (S2-S4) |
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Term
| Roots of sympathetic & parasympathetic supply to the bladder |
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Definition
Sympathetic - T11 to L2
Parasympathetic - S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnics) |
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Term
| What plexus do sympathetics travelling to the bladder synapse in? |
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Definition
| The (superior) HYPOGASTRIC plexus |
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Term
| Targets of sympathetic innervation to bladder... |
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Definition
Goes to detrusor (but little to do with contraction)
Also innervates sphincter vesicae (via inf. hyp. plexus); not active for bladder control, strongly active to cause contraction of sphincter during ejaculation |
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Term
| When is sympathetic innervation to the sphincter vesicae most important? |
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Definition
| Contracts sphincter tightly during ejaculation (not really important for bladder control) |
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Term
| Functions of parasympathetic innervation to bladder... |
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Definition
Inhibit contraction of sphincter vesicae
Stimulate contraction of detrusor muscle |
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Term
| What is the predominant type of autonomic innervation that allows us to void our bladder? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic - contract detrusor, relax sphincter vesicae |
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Term
| Where does the aorta bifurcate into the two common iliacs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Paired arteries to glands from abdominal aorta (superior to inferior)... |
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Definition
| Suprarenal, renal, gonadal |
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Term
| Branching of celiac trunk (from L to R)... |
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Definition
| L gastric, splenic, common hepatic |
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Term
| Celiac trunk is responsible for supplying... |
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Definition
| FOREGUT - includes stomach, part of duodenum, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas |
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Term
| Smallest branch from the celiac trunk? Largest? |
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Definition
Left Gastric is SMALLEST
Splenic is LARGEST |
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Term
| Path of L gastric artery... |
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Definition
| Branches from L side of celiac trunk, goes to stomach and travels along LESSER CURVATURE |
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Term
| Path of SPLENIC artery and branches... |
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Definition
| Comes off from center of trunk, right before it gets to the spleen, get the L GASTRO-EPIPLOIC branch traveling to the GREATER CURVATURE of the stomach |
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Term
| Path of COMMON HEPATIC artery... |
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Definition
| Branches from the R side of the celiac trunk, runs upwards to divide just before the porta hepatis into L and R hepatics; several branches - R gastric (to lesser curvature) and the gastroduodenal (branches to R gastro-epiploic and duodenal) |
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Term
| Where does the R gastro-epiploic artery branch from? |
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Definition
| R gastro-epiploic branches from gastroduodenal (from common hepatic) |
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Term
| Branches of the SUPERIOR MESENTERIC artery and what they supply... |
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Definition
R colic & midcolic - to the ascending and t-colon
Iliocolic - ileum, cecum, and appendix |
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Term
| Branches of INFERIOR MESENTERIC and what they supply... |
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Definition
LEFT COLIC (upper and lower colic) to the descending and sigmoid colon
Superior Rectal - to the rectum |
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Term
| Blood supply to abdominal wall and RECTUS ABDOMINIS... |
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Definition
Superior and Inferior Epigastric Arteries
Superior is branched from INTERNAL THORACIC
Inferior is from EXTERNAL ILIAC |
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Term
| Where do the superior and inferior epigastric arteries branch from? |
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Definition
Superior - from the INTERNAL THORACIC
Inferior - from the EXTERNAL ILIAC |
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|
Term
| What veins make up the PORTAL VEIN? |
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Definition
| Splenic and Superior Mesenteric (inferior mesenteric drains into superior) |
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Term
| Relation of posterior abdominal muscles and the arcuate ligaments? |
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Definition
Psoas upper fibers emerge from MEDIAL LIGAMENT
Quadratus lumborum fibers emerge from LATERAL LIGAMENT |
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Term
| Quadratus Lumborum (O & I) |
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Definition
O - t-processes of T12 to L5
I - iliac crest
Fills space between rib 12 and iliac crest |
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|
Term
|
Definition
O - bodies of L1-L5
I - femur (w/ iliacus) |
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|
Term
| What areas of the gut do each of the veins draining into the portal vein drain? |
|
Definition
Splenic - foregut & spleen
Sup. Mesenteric - midgut
Inf. Mesenteric - hindgut |
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|
Term
| Difference between male vs. female pelvis |
|
Definition
Male - narrow and long
Female - wider and shorter |
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|
Term
| Difference in location between arcuate line and pectineal line |
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Definition
Arcuate line located in ilium (in iliac fossa)
Pectinate (ileopectinate) fossa located in pubis |
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Term
| What are the structures that make up the PELVIC BRIM? |
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Definition
| Runs from sacral promontory, to arcuate line, to ileopectineal line, to pubic crest & at midline symphsis pubis |
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|
Term
| What differentiates the true and false pelvis? |
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Definition
The PELVIC BRIM (runs from sacral promontory to pubic symphsis)
True pelvis inferior, false pelvis superior |
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|
Term
| Where do all 3 hip bones meet and fuse? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What structure separates the pelvis and perineum? |
|
Definition
| The PELVIC DIAPHRAGM (levator ani muscle) |
|
|
Term
| What region of the urethra is the most susceptible to damage? |
|
Definition
| The membranous urethra (part traveling through urogenital diaphragm) |
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|
Term
| What is contained in the region of the perineum anteriorly vs. posteriorly? |
|
Definition
Anterior - external genitalia
Posterior - anal canal |
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|
Term
| What is the pelvic inlet? What does it define? |
|
Definition
The superior border of the true pelvis in the iliac fossa (superior part of pelvic brim)
Defines the lower border of the iliac fossa |
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|
Term
| Synovial capsule vs. Fibrous capsule of SACROILIAC joint... |
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Definition
Synovial - along the auricular surfaces of the ilium and sacrum
Fibrous - from sacrum to iliac tuberosity |
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|
Term
| What ligaments reinforce the sacroiliac joint? |
|
Definition
| The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Where is a raphe seen in the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| Insertion of the fibers of the LEVATOR ANI muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
O - pubis, obturator foramen to ischial spine
I - via raphe onto fibers of other side |
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|
Term
| What is the sling around the anus formed by the levator ani called? Function? |
|
Definition
| Puborectalis - pulls the anorectal junction forward |
|
|
Term
| Coccygeus (O&I); Function? |
|
Definition
O - ischial spine
I - coccyx
Used by animals to wag tail |
|
|
Term
| When does the rectum become the anal canal? |
|
Definition
| As it travels inferiorly and runs through the levator ani (puborectal sling) |
|
|
Term
| Which inguinal ring do the vas deferens pass through? |
|
Definition
| Pass through the DEEP INGUINAL RING (hole in TA fascia) |
|
|
Term
| The unison of which two structures form the ejaculatory ducts which enter the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| Vas deferens (ampulla) and seminal vesicles |
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do ducts from the prostate add to the ejaculate? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what region does the external urethral sphincter surround the urethra? |
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Definition
| Around the membranous urethra as it crosses into the urogenital diaphragm |
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Term
| Where are the bulbourethral glands located? |
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Definition
| Within the urogenital diaphragm |
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Term
| What ligaments suspend the ovary from the uterus and from the pelvic wall? |
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Definition
Round ligament of OVARY - attaches ovary to uterus
Suspensory ligamnet of OVARY - attaches ovary to pelvic wall |
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Term
| What surface of the bladder is covered by peritoneum? |
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Definition
| Superior surface (therefore it is infra/retroperitoneal) |
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Term
| Parts of the fallopian tubes & description of each... |
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Definition
Infundibulum - distal end; collects ovum from ovary with fimbriae
Ampulla - site of fertilization usually
Isthmus - opens into uterus |
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Term
| Relation of uterus to bladder and rectum? What pouches are formed due to this? |
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Definition
Uterus is POSTERIOR to bladder, ANTERIOR to rectum
Form the vesicouterine pouch with bladder and recto-uterine pouch (of Douglas) with rectum |
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Term
| Name of peritoneum that covers the uterus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parts of the uterus, superior to inferior... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which fornix is deepest in the vagina? |
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Definition
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Term
| Layers of the uterus (superficial to deep)? |
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Definition
Perimetrium - capsule
Myometrium - muscle layer
Endometrium - mucosal lining |
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Term
| How much of the vagina is in the pelvis vs. perineum? |
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Definition
| Upper 2/3 is in pelvis, lower 1/3 is in perineum |
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Term
| Where does the round ligament of the uterus run from? |
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Definition
| Runs from the wall of uterus, through inguinal canal to the labia majora |
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Term
| What other ligament is the round ligament of the uterus continuous with? |
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Definition
| The round ligament of the ovary (ovarian ligament) |
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Term
| What two other openings does the vestibule open between? |
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Definition
| Opens between external urethral orifice and anus |
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Term
| Where is the sole region that the internal iliac artery supplies? |
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Definition
| The pelvic and gluteal region |
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Term
| Main branches of the internal iliac and what they supply? |
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Definition
Lateral Sacral Artery - pelvic walls
Superior/Inferior Gluteal Arteries
Internal Pudendal Artery - perineum
Uterine Artery - to uterus
Vesicular Arteries - to bladder
Obturator Artery - to medial thigh (through obturator canal)
Vaginal Artery - replaces inferior vesicular |
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Term
| What artery does the vaginal artery replace? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve supplies the perineum? What nerve(s) supply(ies) the pelvic walls? |
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Definition
Perineum is supplied by PUDENDAL (S2-S4)
Pelvic walls supplied by individual roots of spinal nerves |
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Term
| Sympathetic & Parasympathetic innervation to pelvis |
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Definition
Sympathetic - from lower sympathetic trunk
Parasympathetic - from pelvic plexus (S2-S4) |
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Term
| What are the two small mesenteries connected to the broad ligament, and what are they attached to? |
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Definition
Mesosalpynx - from broad ligament to oviduct
Mesovarium - from broad ligament to ovary |
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Term
| What is the pouch between the bladder and rectum called in the male? |
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Definition
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Term
| What view of the uterus and adjacent structures are the ovaries visible from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antiversion vs. Retroversion of Uterus - how frequent is each? |
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Definition
80% of population has antiverted uterus
20% of population has retroverted uterus |
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Term
| Triangles of the perineum - anterior vs. posterior? |
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Definition
Anterior Triangle = Urogenital Triangle; contains external genitalia
Posterior Triangle = Anal Triangle; anal canal & ischiorectal fossa |
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Term
| Where is the ischiorectal fossa located? |
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Definition
| In the anal triangle (posterior) of the perineum |
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Term
| What is the superficial fascia of the urogenital diaphragm called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many cylinders of erectile tissue make up the penis? Name them. |
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Definition
| 3 - (2) lateral corpora cavernosa, and (1) corpus spongiosum in the middle |
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Term
| Which cylinder of erectile tissue makes up the glans penis? |
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Definition
| The corpus spongiosum (it is its expanded distal end) |
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Term
| Which part of the penis has crura proximally, and which part has a bulb proximally? |
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Definition
Corpora cavernosa - come from proximal CRURA
Corpus spongiosum - comes from proximal BULB |
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Term
| Which cylinder of erectile tissue is the strongest and why? |
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Definition
| Corpora cavernosa are strongest, because they have more chambers for venous blood to pool |
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Term
| What are the muscles that cover the bulb of the penis vs. the crura? |
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Definition
Crura are covered by ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS (have 2)
Bulb is covered by BULBOSPONGIOSUS (have 1) |
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Term
| What perineal muscle contracts during ejaculation? What is its innervation? |
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Definition
| The BULBOSPONGIOSUS - innervated by PUDENDAL NERVE (S2-S4) |
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Term
| What is the external opening to the vagina known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the female, what is included in the urogenital triangle? |
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Definition
| The vulva (external genitalia), urethra, and urogenital diaphragm (deep to skin) |
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Term
| Where do the labia major meet superiorly and inferiorly? |
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Definition
At the MONS PUBIS - fat filled pad - they meet superiorly
At the FOURCHETTE - they meet posteriorly |
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Term
| What is the fourchette just anterior to on the female? |
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Definition
| Anterior to PERINEAL BODY (pea-shaped knot of connective tissue) |
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Term
| What structures are included in the vulva? |
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Definition
Mons Pubis
Labia Minora & Majora
Clitoris
Vestibule |
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Term
| How long is the anal canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the anal canal begin? |
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Definition
| As the rectum passes through the levator ani (puborectal sling) |
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Term
| What are the longitudinal folds of the anal canal called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pectineal Line (Anal Canal) |
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Definition
| Inferior border of anal columns; delineates end of blood and nerve supply to GI tract; below the line, anal canal supplied by BVs and nerves to perineum |
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Term
| Blood supply and Innervation of Anal Canal |
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Definition
ABOVE pectineal line - same as GI tract
BELOW pectineal line - same as perineum |
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Term
| Where is the ischiorectal fossa located in between? |
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Definition
| In between anal canal, levator ani, and obturator internus |
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Term
| Where does the internal pudendal artery branch from? |
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Definition
| Branches from the INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY |
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Term
| Where does the internal pudendal artery enter the perineum? |
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Definition
| Through the pudendal canal in the ischiorectal fossa |
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Term
| What are the branches of the internal pudendal artery? |
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Definition
Inferior Rectal (recall superior rectal from inf. mesenteric)
Perineal
Deep and Dorsal Arteries of Penis/Clitoris |
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Term
| Difference in innervation and composition of internal vs. external anal sphincter? |
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Definition
Internal - smooth muscle; autonomic
External - skeletal muscle; somatic |
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Term
| Where does the pudendal nerve enter the perineum? |
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Definition
| Through the pudendal canal in the ischiorectal fossa |
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Term
| Branches of pudendal nerve... |
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Definition
Inferior rectal nerve - skin of anal triangle, external anal sphincter
Perineal Nerves
Dorsal Nerve of Penis/Clitoris |
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Term
| What nerve supplies the external anal sphincter? |
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Definition
| The inferior rectal nerve from the pudendal nerve (S2-S4) |
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Term
| Two major paths of sympathetic innervation to reproductive organs... |
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Definition
1. Preganglionics from lower T and L synapse in trunk t same level and post ganglionics travel to preaortic plexuses; continue down to inferior hypogastric plexuses to reach targets
2. Preganglionics travel to the plexuses, all the way down, and don't synapse until closer to target organ |
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Term
| Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Innervation to Gonads (Testis/Ovary) |
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Definition
Sympathetic - least sphlanchnic to renal plexus; then follow gonadal arteries
Parasympathetic - pelvic splanchnic S2-S4 via inferior hypogastric |
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|
Term
| What is the exception to the usual rule of distribution of sympathetic innervation to the reproductive organs? |
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Definition
| Gonadal sympathetic innervation is different; usually comes from least splanchnics via renal plexus |
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Term
| Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic in Penis |
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Definition
Sympathetic - aids with ejaculation (L1,L2)
Parasympathetic - responsible for erection (pelvic splanchnic - S2-S4) |
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Term
| What innervation causes ejaculation and how is this accomplished? |
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Definition
SYMPATHETIC (from L1,L2)
Contraction of vas deferens and prostatic capsule
Contraction of sphincter vesicae of bladder
Also get bulbospongiosus contraction (via PUDENDAL - somatic nerve) |
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Term
| Is ejaculation completely done autonomically? |
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Definition
| NO - need contraction of bulbospongiosus also (innervated by pudendal nerve (S2-S4), which is a somatic nerve) |
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Term
| What roots give rise to sympathetic supply to the uterus & vagina? |
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Definition
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Term
| Actions of parasympathetics to the penis vasculature? |
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Definition
| Pelvic splanchnics cause vasodilation so the penis may engorge with blood |
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Term
| What system assists in uterine contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Postganglionics of CAROTID SPLANCHNIC |
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Definition
| Superior Cervical Ganglion (C1-C4) |
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Term
| Postganglionics of CARDIAC SPLANCHNIC |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Pre and Postganglionics to PULMONARY SPLANCHNIC |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Postganglionics of GREATER, LESSER, LEAST SPLANCHNIC |
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Definition
Greater - T5-T9
Lesser - T10-T11
Least - T11-T12 |
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Term
| Postganglionics of LUMBAR SPLANCHNICS |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Branches of internal iliac artery... |
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Definition
Superior/Inferior Gluteal
Vesicular Arteries
Vaginal - replaces inferior vesicular
Internal Pudendal
Uterine
Lateral Sacral
Obturator |
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Term
| External Obliques Origin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Internal Obliques Origin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| External & Interal Obliques Insertion? |
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Definition
EO - rectus sheath (upper fibers), iliac crest/inguinal ligament (lower fibers)
IO - lower 4 ribs (posterior), rectus sheath (middle), inguinal ligament (lower) |
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Term
| Origin and Insertion of Transversus Abdominis? |
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Definition
O - lower 6 c. cartilages (7-12), iliac crest, lumbar fascia
I - rectus sheath |
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Term
| What separates the two rectus abdominis muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the nerves to the superior body wall come from? Inferior body wall? |
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Definition
Superior = T7-L1
Inferior = ilioinguinal & iliohypogastric (T12-L1) |
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Term
| What is true of all autonomic plexuses within the abdominopelvic cavity? |
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Definition
| ALL contain ganglia and all are associated with branches of the aorta |
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Term
| What vertebrae are the diaphragmatic crura attached to? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Externally, where is the L atrium located? |
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Definition
| Near superior border at the base of the heart (proximal to roots of great vessels) |
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Term
| What two structures are present only in the R ventricle? |
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Definition
| The conus arteriosus/infundibulum AND the moderator band |
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Term
| Is the visceral pleura continuous within the fissures of the lungs? |
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Definition
| Yes - visceral pleura continues to line outer surface of lung, even in the fissures |
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Term
| What level does the thoracic duct cross from the R to L side of the body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Direction of torso rotation for external vs. internal obliques? |
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Definition
EXTERNAL - turns body contralaterally (to opposite side)
INTERNAL - turns body ipsilaterally (to same side) |
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Term
| Insertion of rectus abdominis? |
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Definition
| Costal Cartilages of Ribs 5-7 (+ xyphoid) |
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Term
| What plexus do the sympathetic nerves traveling to the gonads pass through? |
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Definition
| RENAL PLEXUS (sympathetics to gonads = least splanchnic) |
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Term
| What artery(ies) supply(ies) the ascending & proximal transverse colon? What are they branches form? |
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Definition
R colic supplies ascending, midcolic supplies beginning of transverse colon
Branches from SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies the appendix? |
|
Definition
| The ILEOCOLIC (branch from superior mesenteric) - supplies, distal ileum, cecum & appendix |
|
|
Term
| What part of the urethra do the ducts of the bulbourethral glands open into? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the uterus does the uterine tube open into? |
|
Definition
| Opens into the FUNDUS of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| When the internal iliac sweeps back up in front of the pelvis what does it become? In utero this is...? |
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Definition
| Becomes the UMBILICAL LIGAMENT; in utero this is the UMBILICAL ARTERY |
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|
Term
| What artery supplies the medial thigh? It is a branch from...? |
|
Definition
The OBTURATOR ARTERY supplies the medial thigh
It is a branch of the INTERNAL ILIAC artery |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic innervation to the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic innervation to the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| Sacral plexus; walls get individual nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where does the urogenital diaphragm attach to? |
|
Definition
| The ISCHIOPUBIC RAMUS on either side (horizontal muscle) |
|
|
Term
| Components of external anal sphincter? |
|
Definition
| Deep, superficial, subcutaneous |
|
|
Term
| What are the first two branches of the internal pudendal artery? What does it then split into? |
|
Definition
1st 2 branches = inferior rectal & perineal arteries
Then branches into deep & dorsal arteries of the penis/clitoris |
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|
Term
| What nerve innervates the skin of the anal triangle? What else does this nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
The INFERIOR RECTAL (branch of the pudendal) nerve innervates the skin of the anal triangle.
This nerve also innervates the external anal sphincter. |
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