Term
|
Definition
| Pyramidal - has a roof, base and walls |
|
|
Term
| What bones contribute to each of the 4 borders of the orbit? |
|
Definition
Upper Border - frontal bone
Lower Border - maxillary & zygomatic bones
Lateral Border - frontal process of zygoma & zygomatic process of frontal
Medial Border - frontal process of maxillary & maxillary process of frontal & lacrimal bone |
|
|
Term
| Which bone contributes to the greatest # of borders of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| Frontal bone - contributes to upper, middle and lateral borders |
|
|
Term
| What forms the roof of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| The orbital plate of the frontal bone |
|
|
Term
| What forms the floor of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| The zygomatic bone & maxilla |
|
|
Term
| What forms the lateral vs. medial walls of the orbit? |
|
Definition
Lateral - zygomatic bone & greater wing of sphenoid
Medial - lacrimal, maxilla & ethmoid bones |
|
|
Term
| Where is the optic canal located in the orbit? |
|
Definition
| At the apex of the pyramid - posterior eye |
|
|
Term
| What is the main sensory component in the eye? |
|
Definition
| The retina - located at the posterior eye in an incomplete sphere |
|
|
Term
| How many layers of CT and how many cavities are there in the eye? Name each... |
|
Definition
CT - 3 layers - sclera-cornea, choroid, retina
Cavities - 2 (separated by the lens) |
|
|
Term
| What is the outermost layer of the eye known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the blood supply of the eye located? |
|
Definition
| In the choroid (middle) layer of CT |
|
|
Term
| Difference in cornea vs. sclera |
|
Definition
Sclera - posterior outer portion of eye; opaque
Cornea - anterior part of outer layer; smaller radius than rest of eye; focuses light rays |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st structure light rays pass through entering the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the eye has the smallest radius? |
|
Definition
| The anterior portion where the cornea is located |
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior border of the choroid known as? |
|
Definition
| The PUPIL (circular opening) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the pupil and iris located in relation to one another? What layer of the eye are the part of? |
|
Definition
Pupil = circular opening in the center for light
Iris = coloured portion surrounding pupil
Both are located in the CHOROID layer |
|
|
Term
| In what layer of the eye are the ciliary muscles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lens in the eye? |
|
Definition
| To act as a prism to refract light rays onto the retina |
|
|
Term
| How many layers exist in the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most sensitive aera of the retina called? |
|
Definition
| Macula lutea - in line with center of cornea to get most amount of light here |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 chambers (compartments of the eye)? |
|
Definition
Anterior - filled with aqueous humor & pupil; from cornea to iris
Posterior - also filled with aqueous humor; from iris to lens
Postremal - filled with vitreous humor; majority of eye (posterior to lens) |
|
|
Term
| Largest compartment of the eye? |
|
Definition
| Postremal (filled with vitreous humor) |
|
|
Term
| What muscles control the thickness of the lens? What is their innervation? |
|
Definition
The CILIARY MUSCLES
Under parasympathetic control from CN III via the ciliary ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Innervation & Function of Dilator vs. Sphincter Pupillae |
|
Definition
Dilator - dilate the pupil to allow more light in; sympathetic innervation
Sphincter - constrict pupil to allow less light; parasympathetic via CN III |
|
|
Term
| What extraocular muscle does NOT arise from the fibrous ring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - sphenoid
I - upper eyelid
A - lift upper eyelid
I - CN III (oculomotor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - fibrous ring (annulus of Zinn)
I - superior part of eye
A - elevate eye & intorsion
I - CN III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - fibrous ring
I - bottom of eye
A - depress eye & extorsion
I - CN III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - fibrous ring
I - medial side of eye
A - adduct eyes
I - CN III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - fibrous ring
I - lateral side of eye
A - abduct eye
I - CN VI (abducens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - fibrous ring; runs through trochlea on medial border
I - lateral part of superior eye
A - depress eye & abduct (also intorsion)
I - CN IV (trochlear) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - floor of orbit
I - lateral underside of eye
A - elevate & abduct eye (also extorsion)
I - CN III |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the eye are under SYMPATHETIC innervation? |
|
Definition
| Parts of the levator palpebrae superioris and the dilator pupillae (intrinsic) |
|
|
Term
| Path of sympathetic innervation to the eye... |
|
Definition
Start in spinal cord level T1, axons travel up and synapse in superior cervical ganglion
Then postganglionic fibers travel with internal carotid to synapse at targets |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of disruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye... |
|
Definition
Ptosis (droopy pupils)
Permanently constricted pupils |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the eye are under PARASYMPATHETIC innervation? |
|
Definition
Interior surface (ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae) - via CN III
Lacrimal apparatus - via CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Path of parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal apparatus... |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic preganglionics come from CN VII (facial) and synapse in the pterygo-palatine ganglion
Postganglionic fibers travel to and synapse at their target, the lacrimal glands
Activation causes smooth muscle contraction and production of tears |
|
|
Term
| Path of parasympathetic innervation to the intrinsic eye muscles... |
|
Definition
Preganglionics travel from CN III to synapse in the ciliary ganglion
Postganglionic fibers travel either to sphincter pupillae OR the ciliary muscles (control pupil size or lens size, respectively) |
|
|
Term
| If a person does not exhibit the pupillary reflex upon testing, what is the likely nerve that is damaged? |
|
Definition
| CN III - occulomotor (damage causes inability to constrict pupils) |
|
|
Term
| What is the layer that covers the inside of the eyelids called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the tarsal plates? |
|
Definition
| Thick, fascial core of the eyelids; dense CT plate in the core of each eyelid |
|
|
Term
| What is the palpebral fissure? |
|
Definition
| The space located between the upper & lower eyelids |
|
|
Term
| Where are the lacrimal glands located? |
|
Definition
| The superior, lateral part of the orbit (top lateral corner of each eye) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tears travel medially and inferiorly from release, entering the lacrimal duct via the lacrimal punctum (canaliculi) |
|
|
Term
| What bone does the pharynx hang down from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Inner mucosa, middle fibrous tissue, outer muscular layer |
|
|
Term
| Borders of each of the 3 regions of the pharynx... |
|
Definition
Nasopharynx - from nasal cavity to soft palate
Oropharynx - from soft palate to hyoid
Laryngopharynx - from hyoid to esophagus |
|
|
Term
| In what region of the pharynx is the Eustachian tube located? What does it connect to? |
|
Definition
| Located in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx; connects to middle ear |
|
|
Term
| What does the nasopharynx open into anteriorly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the oropharynx to the oral cavity proper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
UNPAIRED
In posterior wall in the roof of the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PAIRED
In a depression in the fauces of the oral cavity
Oval shaped w/ upper & lower poles
Most commonly surgically removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Numerous
Located on posterior surface of tongue in clusters |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the tympanic tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there rapid spread of infection from pharynx to ear? |
|
Definition
| Because of the direct connection facilitated by Eustachian tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made of elastic tissue
Lined with mucosa
Medial 2/3 supported by cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What divides the mouth into two different compartments? |
|
Definition
| The teeth & gums divide the mouth into the VESTIBULE and the ORAL CAVITY PROPER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Between the lips and gums/teeth
Duct from parotid glands empties into vestibule opposite upper 2nd molar |
|
|
Term
| What forms the hard palate? |
|
Definition
Hard palate forms roof of mouth proper
Anteriorly, formed by palatine processes of maxillae and posteriorly formed by horizontal plates of palatine bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the mouth do each of the salivary glands empty into? |
|
Definition
Parotid - into vestibule opposite 2nd upper molar
Sublingual & Submaxillary - into mouth proper under the tongue (floor of mouth) |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the supra/infraorbital foramina? |
|
Definition
Supra - V1 (ophthalmic)
Infra - V2 (maxillary) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the superior & inferior orbital fissures located? |
|
Definition
Superior - in between greater & lesser wings of sphenoid
Lesser - in between greater wing & maxilla |
|
|
Term
| In what part of the sphenoid is the optic canal located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only complete layer of the eye? |
|
Definition
Cornea-sclera
Retina is only posterior & choroid has a hole at pupil |
|
|
Term
| What is the conjunctival sac? |
|
Definition
Continuous space on outer surface of eye
Location where tears flow into from lacrimal glands |
|
|
Term
| What protects the larynx from debris entering? How is this done? |
|
Definition
| The epiglottis. During swallowing, larynx moves up so epiglottis covers the opening into it |
|
|
Term
| Another name for infected pharyngeal tonsil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tonsils are located in the fauces of the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Names of the 3 tonsil(s) in the mouth |
|
Definition
| Pharyngeal (unpaired), Palatine (paired), Lingual (numerous) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the genial tubercle location? |
|
Definition
| On the inside of the chin (on mandible at mental prominence interiorly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - genial tubercle (mandible)
I - dorsum of tongue (at base)
A - pulls tongue forwards (sticks out tongue)
I - CN XII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - hyoid bone
I - side of the tongue (one on each side)
A - retract & depress tongue
I - CN XII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - styloid process of temporal
I - side of tongue (one on each side)
A - retract & elevate tongue
I - CN XII |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 extrinsic tongue muscles? |
|
Definition
| Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus & Palatoglossus |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of extrinsic tongue muscles? |
|
Definition
| ALL are CN XII EXCEPT for palatoglossus (which is CN X) |
|
|
Term
| Direction of intrinsic tongue muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal, vertical & transverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - side of hard palate
I - base of tongue (into it)
A - elevate tongue
I CN X |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located on underside of the tongue - links tongue to the floor of the mouth |
|
|
Term
| What does the sulcus terminalis separate? |
|
Definition
Located about 2/3 of the way back on the tongue
Anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue has different innervation |
|
|
Term
| Which direction does the sulcus terminalis "V" face? |
|
Definition
| Faces anteriorly (so that apex of the V points posteriorly) |
|
|
Term
| Specialized processes on tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory innervation to the TONGUE: |
|
Definition
Anterior 2/3 - CN V for general sense, CN VII for taste
Posterior 1/3 - CN IX for both general sense & taste |
|
|
Term
| Secretion "types" from the 3 salivary glands? |
|
Definition
Parotid = serous
Submandibular = mixed (serous & mucus)
Sublingual = mainly mucus |
|
|
Term
| Innervation to the salivary glands & their autonomic ganglia... |
|
Definition
Parotid - CN IX via the OTIC ganglion
Submandibular & Sublingual - CN VII via the SUBMANDIBULAR ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Composition of teeth in each 1/2 jaw? How many teeth in total? |
|
Definition
8 teeth in each 1/2 jaw, therefore 32 teeth in total
2 incisors, 1 canine (cuspid), 2 bicuspids (premolars), 3 molars |
|
|
Term
| What two structures does the larynx connect? |
|
Definition
| Connects the oropharynx/nasopharynx to the trachea |
|
|
Term
| Where is the larynx located in relation to hyoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the organ of phonation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two structures form the external skeleton of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| The THYROID & CRICOID cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest cartilage of the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cartilage of the larynx is NOT made with hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
| EPIGLOTTIS (made of elastic cartilage) |
|
|
Term
| Shapes of the thyroid & cricoid & arytenoids? |
|
Definition
Thyroid - shield shaped
Cricoid - shaped like signet ring
Arytenoids - pyramid shaped |
|
|
Term
| Articulations of thyroid cartilage? |
|
Definition
INFERIOR HORN - w/ cricoid bone
SUPERIOR HORN - does not articulate w/ hyoid, NOTHING articulates with hyoid; horn hangs from greater horn on hyoid by membrane |
|
|
Term
| Relation of thyroid cartilage vs. glands? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid glands hang just BELOW thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formed between inferior horn on thyroid & posterior cricoid cartilage
SYNOVIAL joint
Allows thyroid cartilage to move anteriorly & posteriorly (uniaxial) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - anterior & lateral cricoid cartilage
I - inferior horns of thyroid cartilage
A - tightens vocal cords (tenses cords)
I - external laryngeal branch of CN X |
|
|
Term
| What structures form the internal skeleton of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| The arytenoids & epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| Where are the arytenoids located? |
|
Definition
| On the posterior aspect at the superior point of the cricoid cartilages |
|
|
Term
| Processes of Arytenoids... |
|
Definition
Muscular Processes - postero-lateral aspect
Vocal Processes - anterior processes to attach to cords (allow for adduction/abduction of vocal cords) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the epiglottis attached inferiorly? |
|
Definition
| Attached to the interior surface of the thyroid prominence (Adam's Apple) |
|
|
Term
| What is the quadrangular membrane attached to? What does it form? |
|
Definition
Four-sided membrane; superior of the 2 laryngeal membranes
Attached to the epiglottis anteriorly & the arytenoids posteriorly
Lower border forms the FALSE vocal folds |
|
|
Term
| What is the triangular membrane/conus elasticus attached to? What does it form? Other names? |
|
Definition
Also called cricothyroid ligament/membrane
Attached to inside of thyroid cartilage anteriorly & cricoid cartilage inferiorly
Superior border forms the true vocal folds |
|
|
Term
| Which of the laryngeal membranes is more superior? |
|
Definition
| The QUADRANGULAR membrane is superior to the TRIANGULAR membrane (conus elasticus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the true vocal folds called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory innervation to the LARYNX... |
|
Definition
ABOVE vocal folds - superior laryngeal branch of CN X
BELOW vocal folds - recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X |
|
|
Term
| Motor innervation to the LARYNX... |
|
Definition
ALL muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid = recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X
Cricothyroid = external laryngeal branch of CN X |
|
|
Term
| What CN does all innervation to the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the larynx, recurrent laryngeal branch is responsible for... |
|
Definition
Motor to all muscles except cricothyroid
Sensory below the vocal folds |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest muscle that controls the larynx? What innervates it? |
|
Definition
| The CRICOTHYROID (innervated by external laryngeal branch of CN X) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of joint is the temporo-mandibular joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condyloid (articular) process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| Unique feature about TMJ... |
|
Definition
| Posteriorly, socket is concave, but anteriorly joint is convex - causes physiological dislocation of TMJ when jaw moves FORWARD |
|
|
Term
| What divides the neck into anterior & posterior triangles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - manubrium of sternum & clavicle
I - mastoid process of temporal
A - turn head to opposite side
I - CN XI (accessory via the vagus) |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are present in the posterior triangle of the neck? |
|
Definition
| The scalene muscles - anterior, middle & lower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - T processes of middle-lower C vertebrae (C2-7)
I - scalene tubercle on rib 1
A - raise thoracic cage
I - small branches from C spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Innervation to the scalene muscles & general function? |
|
Definition
Innervation - branches from cervical spinal nerves
Function - raise thoracic cage (secondary muscles of respiration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - T processes of middle-lower C vertebrae
I - behind scalene tubercle on rib 1
A - raise thoracic cage
I - branches from C spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - T processes of middle-lower C vertebrae
I - rib 2
A - raise thoracic cage
I - branches from C spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of the MOUTH? |
|
Definition
| 3 in total - mylohyoid, digastric & stylohyoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - inside mandible
I - hyoid bone & median raphe (onto itself)
A - elevate hyoid
I - CN V (mandibular branch - V3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two bellied muscle - bellies separated by tendon running through pulley on hyoid
Posterior Belly - from mastoid process to pulley (hyoid); innervated by CN VII
Anterior Belly - from pulley on hyoid to genial tubercle; innervated by CN V (V3)
A - depress mouth/elevate hyoid |
|
|
Term
| What two muscles of the mouth run nearly parallel and have matching innervation? |
|
Definition
| Stylohyoid & Posterior Belly of Digastric - both are innervated by CN VII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - genial tubercle on mandible
I - hyoid bone
A - depresses mouth/raises hyoid
I - CN XII |
|
|
Term
| What travels through the gap in the scalenes? |
|
Definition
| Gap between ANTERIOR & MIDDLE scalenes allows for passage of most major BVs going to upper limb |
|
|
Term
| What is true of all muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| All innervated by V3 - mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most powerful muscle of mastication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - temporal fossa (covers temporal, parietal & sphenoid)
I - passes under zygomatic arch & inserts on coronoid process of mandible (anterior process)
A - closes mouth
I - V3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - zygomatic arch
I - ramus of mandible
A - closes mouth
I - V3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - medial side of lateral pterygoid plate
I - deep to angle of mandible
A - closes mouth
I - V3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate & greater wing of sphenoid
I - neck of condyloid process on mandible
A - protrudes jaw & moves side to side & depresses jaw
I - V3 |
|
|
Term
| What muscles aid in moving the jaw side to side? |
|
Definition
| The medial & lateral pterygoids |
|
|
Term
| What muscle is responsible for protrusion of the jaw? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the pharyngeal constrictors? |
|
Definition
| Spinal accessory (CN XI) via the vagus (CN X) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - medial pterygoid plate & pterygomandibular raphe
I - pharyngeal raphe on posterior throat
A - initiate swallowing
I - CN XI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - hyoid bone
I - pharyngeal raphe on posterior throat
A - initiate swallowing
I - CN XI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - thyroid & cricoid cartilages
I - pharyngeal raphe
A - initiate swallowing
I - CN XI |
|
|
Term
| Different name for pterygomandibular raphe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the pterygomandibular raphe run from? |
|
Definition
| From medial pterygoid plate to mandible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surrounds eyes (inserts onto palpebral raphe)
A - closes eyelids (squints eyes)
I - CN VII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Runs around the mouth (inserts on skin around lips)
A - puckers lips
I - CN VII |
|
|
Term
| What is the main muscle of the cheek? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - pterygomandibular raphe
I - corner of the mouth on each side
A - moves food around in mouth
I - CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Where do the frontalis & occipitalis insert? |
|
Definition
| Onto the fronto-occipital aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose CT
Periosteum |
|
|
Term
| Two main functions of the nose? |
|
Definition
| Olfaction AND warm air entering pulmonary system |
|
|
Term
| What are the sets of hyaline cartilage that make up EXTERNAL nose? |
|
Definition
Septal Cartilage - interior part of septum
Alar Cartilages - paired; distal to lateral septal cartilage @ tip of nose |
|
|
Term
| Apart from hyaline cartilage, what is the rest of the external nose made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the external nose? |
|
Definition
| Made of 2 nostrils & skeleton (paired nasal bones + septal cartilage + alar cartilages) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the skeleton of the internal nose? |
|
Definition
| Link external nose to nasal apertures (choanae) |
|
|
Term
| How many bones make up the internal nose skeleton? Name them. |
|
Definition
| 4 in total - ethmoid, sphenoid, vomer, palatine |
|
|
Term
| What is the septum made out of (anterior vs. posterior) |
|
Definition
Anteiror - made of cartilage (hyaline cartilage forms septal cartilage)
Posterior - bony septum; made of vertical plate of ethmoid and vomer) |
|
|
Term
| What forms the roof of the internal nose? |
|
Definition
| The cribriform plate of ETHMOID and the body of the SPHENOID |
|
|
Term
| What do the lateral walls of the internal nose include? |
|
Definition
3 conchae (S, M, I)
Sphenoethmoidal recess
3 meatuses (S, M, I) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located SUPERIOR to the superior nasal conchae
Contains olfactory mucosa in its roof |
|
|
Term
| Where is the sphenoethmoidal recess located? |
|
Definition
| Superior to the superior nasal conchae in the roof of the nose |
|
|
Term
| Where are the meatuses in the inner nose located in relation to the conchae? |
|
Definition
| Located posteriorly to the conchae (also slightly inferior to the conchae they are spatially close to) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into? |
|
Definition
| The inferior meatus of the internal nose |
|
|
Term
| What does NOT receive any drainage from the paranasal air sinuses? |
|
Definition
| The inferior meatus (only gets drainage from nasolacrimal duct) |
|
|
Term
| What is the opening of the maxillary sinus called and where does it empty into? |
|
Definition
Opening = OSTIUM
The maxillary sinus drains into the middle meatus in the internal nose |
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Term
| Where are the ethmoid sinuses located and where do they drain into? |
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Definition
Located in lateral masses of ethmoid bone/medial wall of orbit
Anterior sinuses drain into middle meatus
Posterior sinuses drain into superior meatus |
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Term
| Where are the frontal sinuses located and where do they drain into? |
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Definition
Located superior to the margin of the orbit in the frontal bone
Long ducts drain into middle meatus |
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Term
| How many sphenoid sinuses exist and where do they drain into? |
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Definition
Two exist - in the body of the sphenoid, one on each side
Drain into the sphenoethmoidal recess |
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Term
| What is the cartilaginous portion of the external ear called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the external/middle/internal ear? |
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Definition
External - from auricle to the tympanic membrane
Middle - from tympanic membrane to oval window
Inner - from oval window into the labyrinths |
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Term
| How many layers does the tympanic membrane have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Structural composition of acoustic canal? |
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Definition
Lateral 1/3 = cartilaginous
Medial 2/3 = bony |
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Term
| 3 structures that the external ear contains cutaneously? |
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Definition
| Hair, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands (wax glands) |
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Term
| What does the middle ear contain? |
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Definition
Ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes
Entrance to auditory (Eustachian) tube
Connection to mastoid air cells
Round & oval windows |
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Term
| What kind of joints are formed between ossicles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the ear do mastoid air cells connect to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bony Labyrinth vs. Membranous Labyrinth |
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Definition
Bony - external, filled with perilymph
Membranous - series of membranous sacs; internal, filled with endolymph |
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Term
| What is the organ of hearing? What is the organ of balance? |
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Definition
Hearing = COCHLEA
Balance = VESTIBULAR APPARATUS |
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Term
| Path of sound waves entering the ear... |
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Definition
Funneled into ear by the auricle, into the acoustic canal
Travel through acoustic canal to tympanic membrane where they pass through the middle ear via the ossicles to the oval window
Travel through oval window, up cochlea, and back to round window |
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Term
| What is the innervation to the inner ear? How does this nerve reach here? |
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Definition
Innervation from CN VIII (vestibulocochlear/statoacoustic)
Travels through internal acoustic meatus to reach inner ear |
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Term
| Difference in origin between R and L common carotid |
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Definition
R - branches from brachiocephalic trunk
L - branches directly from aortic arch |
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Term
| Where does the common carotid bifurcate? |
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Definition
| At the level of the top of the thyroid cartilage |
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Term
| Branches of EXTERNAL carotid... (in order from proximal to distal) |
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Definition
Superior Thyroid
Ascending Pharyngeal*
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary
Superficial Temporal |
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Term
| Path of internal carotid... |
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Definition
| Enters skull through carotid canal in occipital bone, makes sharp turns (carotid siphon) before branching off to supply brain |
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Term
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Definition
Tight turns made by internal carotid in skull
Exists bilaterally to pituitary & runs through cavernous sinus distally |
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Term
| Unique feature of vertebral arteries? |
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Definition
| Branches in the neck are irregularly muscular |
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Term
| Where do all dural venous sinuses empty into eventually? |
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Definition
| The INTERNAL jugular vein |
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Term
| Name all of the dural venous sinuses... |
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Definition
8 in total:
Superior, Inferior & Straight Sagittal Sinuses
Transverse Sinus
Sigmoid Sinus
Cavernous Sinus
Superior & Inferior Petrosal Sinuses |
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Term
| Drainage path of sagittal sinuses... |
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Definition
Superior sagittal joins with the straight sagittal at the confluence at the center of the occipital bone; both drain into confluence to go into transverse sinuses
(Straight sagittal receives drainage from inferior sagittal) |
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Term
| Where do the sigmoid sinuses drain into? |
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Definition
| The internal jugular vein |
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Term
| Where do the transverse sinuses empty into? |
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Definition
| The sigmoid sinuses (and then indirectly into internal jugular) |
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Term
| Where does the cavernous sinus drain into? |
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Definition
| The superior & inferior petrosal sinuses |
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Term
| Where do the superior & inferior petrosal sinuses drain into? |
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Definition
Superior - proximal sigmoid sinus, traveling eventually to internal jugular
Inferior - directly into the internal jugular |
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Term
| Name where each of the dural venous sinuses drains DIRECTLY into... |
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Definition
Superior Sagittal - confluence (transverse)
Straight Sagittal - confluence (transverse)
Inferior Sagittal - straight sagittal
Cavernous - superior & inferior petrosal
Sigmoid - internal jugular
Transverse - sigmoid
Superior Petrosal - proximal sigmoid
Inferior Petrosal - internal jugular |
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Term
| What shape do the veins of the face form? |
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Definition
W shape
Posterior Auricular on L side; Facial on R side; Retromandibular bifurcates in the middle |
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Term
| Where are each of the facial veins located generally? |
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Definition
Posterior Auricular - behind ear on side of head
Retromandibular - anterior to ear, deep to parotid gland
Facial - runs over masseter & body of mandible |
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Term
| Where do each of the veins of the face drain into? |
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Definition
Retromandibular - internal jugular (anterior branch) external jugular (posterior branch)
Facial - internal jugular
Posterior Auricular - external jugular |
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Term
| At what level does the external jugular vein form? |
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Definition
| Forms near the angle of the mandible |
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Term
| Sensory innervation to face from CN V? |
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Definition
V1 - forehead and anterior nose
V2 - lateral nose, cheek and temple
V3 - jaw and lateral cheek |
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Term
| Sensory innervation to the neck? |
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Definition
Anterior neck & posterior to ear - C2-C3
Lateral & posterior neck & back of head - C2-C5 |
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Term
| Motor innervation to the face? |
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Definition
Muscles of facial expression get motor innervation from CN VII (facial nerve)
Sends out branches near area of parotid |
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Term
| What is unique that exists between the articulating bones in the TMJ? |
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Definition
| Articular disc (made of fibrocartilage) |
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Term
| Pharyngeal constrictor origins... |
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Definition
Upper - medial pterygoid plate & pterygomandibular raphe
Middle - hyoid bone & stylohyoid ligament
Lower - thyroid & cricoid cartilages |
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Term
| What muscles originate from the pterygomandibular raphe? |
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Definition
| Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor and the Buccinator |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 and 1/2 turns of a spiral |
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Term
| Can the middle or internal ear be seen from the outside? |
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Definition
| NO. Both are located deep within the skull. |
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Term
| What prevents ossification of the foramen lacerum? |
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Definition
| The internal carotid artery pulsating on top of it |
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Term
| If the pharynx was infected, what part of the ear would be likely to get infected first? |
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Definition
| Middle ear - directly connected to nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube |
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Term
| What is the only muscle of the mouth (involved in hyoid elevation) that is NOT innervated by CN V3 or CN VII? What is its innervation? |
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Definition
| Geniohyoid - innervated by CN XII |
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Term
| What vessel do post ganglionic sympathetic fibers travelling to the eye travel alongside? |
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Definition
| The internal carotid artery |
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Term
| If a person with a headache is rubbing their temples, which artery are they likely palpating? |
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Definition
| The superficial temporal artery (distal branch from external carotid) |
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Term
| How many lateral plates does the septal cartilage have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only muscle of mastication that retracts the mandible? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
I - cribriform plate
II - optic canals
III, IV, V1, VI - SOF
V2 - foramen rotundum
V3 - foramen ovale
VII - stylomastoid foramen
VIII - internal acoustic meatus
IX, X, XI - jugular foramen
XII - hypoglossal canal |
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Term
| Extraocular muscle NOT attached to fibrous ring? |
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Definition
| Inferior Oblique (origin from middle of floor of orbit) |
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Term
| What connects the oropharynx to the mouth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of palatine tonsils? |
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Definition
| Rest on thick fibrous bases in the depressions of the FAUCES of the mouth |
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Term
| Which muscles alter the shape of the tongue? |
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Definition
| Intrinsic tongue muscles - vertical, longitudinal, transverse fibers |
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Term
| How many extrinsic tongue muscles are there? Which are paired? |
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Definition
4 - genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
All are paired |
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Term
| Innervation to the jaw... |
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Definition
Upper jaw & teeth - maxillary branch (V2)
Lower jaw & teeth - mandibular branch (V3) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gap between anterior and middle scalenes; brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through here |
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Term
| Origin, path and insertion of TEMPORALIS fibers... |
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Definition
O - temporal fossa (squamous temporal, frontal, sphe., parietal)
Fibers run under the zygomatic arch
I - coronoid process of mandible |
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Term
| At the level of the jaw, which is superficial, temporalis or masseter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is superior, stylohyoid or posterior belly of digastric? |
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Definition
Stylohyoid is superior
(Think of it as it has to be superior b/c styloid process is anterior to mastoid process) |
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Term
| What muscle protrudes the jaw? |
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Definition
The LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE
Runs from greater wing/lesser plate to the condyloid process of mandible (runs horizontally) |
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Term
| What muscle originates on and inserts on a raphe? What are these structures? |
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Definition
The SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
Originates on pterygomandibular raphe (+ medial pterygoid plate) and inserts on the pharyngeal raphe |
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Term
| Which sinuses meet at the confluence? |
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Definition
Superior Sagittal
Straight
Transverse |
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