Term
|
Definition
Set of parallel lines on posterior femur
Proximally, lines diverge to form lesser trochanter (medial) and gluteal tubercle (lateral)
Distally, lines diverge to form medial and lateral epicondyles |
|
|
Term
| On which side are the femoral condyles more prominent? |
|
Definition
| More prominent posteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insertion point for most muscles in medial compartment of the thigh (adductors)
Located on the medial epicondyle of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What separates the femoral condyles vs. the tibial condyles? |
|
Definition
Femoral = intercondylar notch
Tibial = intercondylar eminence |
|
|
Term
| Proximal Tibiofibular Joint |
|
Definition
| Head of the fibula nestles under the lateral tibial condyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lateral thickening of the fascia lata of the thigh
Inserts onto Gerdy's tubercle on the lateral tibia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - ASIS
I - Goose's foot on the medial tibial condyle
A - FLEX at hip, FLEX at knee
I - femoral nerve (L2-L4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - AIIS
I - superior border of patella to insert on tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon
A - FLEX at hip, EXTEND at knee
I - femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - lateral side of proximal femur (lateral to linea aspera)
I - lateral side of patella (more proximal than VM insertion)
A - EXTEND at knee
I - femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - medial side of proximal femur (medial to linea aspera)
I - medial side of patella (more distal than VI insertion)
A - EXTEND at knee
I - femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| Why is the VM insertion more distal than the VI insertion? |
|
Definition
| To keep the patella in front of the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - proximal, anterior femur (deep to RF)
I - superior border of patella (deep to RF)
A - EXTEND at knee
I - femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - inner portion of ileum (iliacus), T-processes of L-vertebrae (psoas major)
I - lesser trochanter
A - FLEX at hip (very strong hip flexor)
I - branches from lumbar plexus (L2, L3) |
|
|
Term
| Borders of the Femoral Triangle |
|
Definition
Base = inguinal ligament
Lateral = sartorius
Medial = adductor longus |
|
|
Term
| What structures pass through the femoral triangle? |
|
Definition
| The femoral artery, vein and nerve |
|
|
Term
| Structures running through the femoral canal (lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
Femoral Nerve, Femoral Artery, Vein, Empty (Fat), Lymphatics
NAVEL |
|
|
Term
| Which structures do/do not pass under the femoral sheath? |
|
Definition
Femoral Nerve -> does not pass under femoral sheath (passes lateral to it)
Artery -> passes through lateral compartment of sheath
Vein, Fat & Lymphatics -> pass through medial compartment of sheath |
|
|
Term
| Structures running through the femoral canal (lateral to medial) |
|
Definition
Femoral Nerve, Femoral Artery, Vein, Empty (Fat), Lymphatics
NAVEL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Separates the abdominal & gluteal compartments
Runs between ASIS & pubis
Border which designates external iliac becoming the femoral artery |
|
|
Term
| Passage of the femoral artery through gluteal region & thigh |
|
Definition
Passes inferior to the inguinal ligament
Travels through the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath, through femoral triangle into the subsartorial canal
Passes through adductor hiatus to become popliteal artery |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the femoral artery and what they supply |
|
Definition
Medial Femoral Circumflex - posterior thigh & hip
Lateral Femoral Circumflex - anterior thigh & hip
Profunda Femoris - largest & deepest; sends perforating branches to posterior compartment |
|
|
Term
| Where does the saphenous nerve branch from and what does it supply? |
|
Definition
| Branches from the femoral nerve; supplies the skin of the inside of the LEG |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the medial thigh |
|
Definition
Anterior - gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus
Posterior - adductor brevis & magnus |
|
|
Term
| Where do all of the adductors of the thigh originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - pubis
I - uppermost insertion on medial lip of linea aspera
A - adduct thigh
I - obturator AND femoral nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - pubis
I - medial tibial condyle @ goose's foot
A - adduct, flex, and medially rotate the thigh
I - obturator nerve (L2-L4) |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles medially/laterally rotate the thigh? |
|
Definition
Medial = gluteus medius & minimus, gracilis
Lateral = piriformis, obturator internus & externus, gemellus superior & inferior, quadratus femoris, gluteus maximus |
|
|
Term
| Muscles which flex the thigh at the hip? |
|
Definition
| Rectus femoris, iliopsoas, gracilis, sartorius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - pubis
I - below pectineus insertion on medial lip of linea aspera
A - adduct thigh
I - obturator nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - pubis
I - behind pectineus insertion on medial lip of linea aspera
A - adduct thigh
I - obturator nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - pubis
I - medial lip of linea aspera (top) & adductor tubercle on medial epicondyle of femur (bottom)
A - adduct thigh
I - obturator (top) and tibial branch of sciatic nerve (bottom) |
|
|
Term
| How do the perforating branches of the profunda femoris reach the posterior compartment? |
|
Definition
| Through holes in the adductors of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| Main blood supply to the medial compartment of the thigh |
|
Definition
| OBTURATOR ARTERY - branch from internal iliac; enters compartment via obturator canal |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the obturator nerve and what they supply... |
|
Definition
Anterior - gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus + brevis, hip
Posterior - adductor magnus + knee |
|
|
Term
| Criteria for a true hamstring |
|
Definition
- Origin on the ischial tuberosity
- Cross the hip & knee joints (extend at hip, flex at knee)
- Innervated by tibial branch of sciatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most lateral posterior muscle of the thigh
O - ischial tuberosity (long head), linea aspera (short head)
I - head of fibula
A - EXTEND at hip (long), FLEX at knee (both)
I - tibial branch of sciatic (long) and common peroneal (fibular) branch of sciatic (short) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - ischial tuberosity
I - behind medial tibial condyle
A - EXTEND at hip, FLEX at knee
I - tibial branch of sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - ischial tuberosity
I - goose's foot of medial tibial condyle
A - EXTEND at hip, FLEX at knee
I - tibial branch of sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| Borders of the popliteal fossa |
|
Definition
Upper = hamstrings
Lower = gastrocnemius |
|
|
Term
| Location of popliteal fossa |
|
Definition
| Above and behind the knee |
|
|
Term
| Classification of the knee |
|
Definition
| Modified hinge joint; synovial |
|
|
Term
| Movements at the knee joint |
|
Definition
UNIAXIAL when flexed (flex/ex)
BIAXIAL when extended (flex/ex, medial/lateral rotation) |
|
|
Term
| What movements allow for locking/unlocking of the knee? |
|
Definition
| Medial & lateral rotation at the knee which can occur when the knee is extended |
|
|
Term
| Which set of condyles are larger on the femur & tibia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cartilage on borders of tibial condyles to aid in articulation w/ femoral condyles
Lateral & medial menisci at the knee joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C-shaped (circular); only attached at 2 ends
Moves ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR during extension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More elliptical; attached throughout -> therefore more likely to be injured b/c it cannot move |
|
|
Term
| The Knee Joint in Embryos |
|
Definition
Actually have 2 joints
Prior to birth, joints fuse ANTERIORLY; form anterior joint space and the popliteal fossa posteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located superior to the patellar femoral joint; important with DEEP FLEXION |
|
|
Term
| Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee |
|
Definition
Bipartite (superficial and deep ligaments)
Deep = fan-shaped; forms fibrous capsule
Superficial = cord-shaped; from medial femoral condyle to tibial shaft |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Knee |
|
Definition
| Cord-shaped from lateral femoral condyle to head of fibula |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cruciate ligaments located? |
|
Definition
| Between the two halves of the joint, NOT within the joint space itself |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament |
|
Definition
From medial tibial condyle to the lateral femoral condyle
Prevents backward dislocation & hyperextension |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Cruciate Ligament |
|
Definition
From back of tibial intercondylar eminence to the medial femoral condyle
Prevents forward dislocation |
|
|
Term
| Which ligaments aid in the locking of the knee and how do they do so? |
|
Definition
ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
When the knee nears full extension, slight medial rotation tightens ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the popliteal artery at the knee |
|
Definition
| 3 pairs of GENICULATE arteries - superior, middle, inferior |
|
|
Term
| Articular Surfaces of the Knee |
|
Definition
When EXTENDED -> bottom of femur is FLAT
When FLEXED -> posterior side of femoral condyles is CURVED (helps w/ movement) |
|
|
Term
| Which surfaces of the femoral condyles articulate w/ the tibia during flexion/extension of the leg? |
|
Definition
During extension - flat area on the inferior aspect articulates
During flexion - curved areas on the posterior aspect of the condyles articulates |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest sesamoid bone of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used as a fulcrum by the quads during extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the articular surfaces of the knee? |
|
Definition
Femoro-patellar = posterior latella and anterior of distal femur
Femoro-tibial = between femoral condyles & tibial plateau; 2 per knee - flat (during extension), rounded (during flexion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between locking and unlocking of the knee? |
|
Definition
Locking - PASSIVE; reduces amount of work needed to maintain stance
Unlocking - ACTIVE; by the popliteus muscle (popliteus resists lateral rotation of knee to prevent locking) |
|
|
Term
| Which is the weaker of the 2 cruciate ligaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ACL - prevents anterior displacement of tibia/posterior displacement of femur
PCL - prevents posterior displacement of tibia/anterior displacement of femur |
|
|
Term
| Where do the ACL & PCL both originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many sets of bursae are at the knee? |
|
Definition
| 3 - suprapatellar (superior), infrapatellar (inferior; have deep AND subcutaneous), prepatellar (anterior) |
|
|
Term
| What are the medial and lateral menisci attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direction does the lateral meniscus move during extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way does the medial meniscus move during extension? |
|
Definition
| DOES NOT MOVE b/c it is completely attached to the tibia (more likely to be damaged) |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to the knee joint? |
|
Definition
| The popliteal artery gives off 3 pairs of geniculate arteries |
|
|
Term
| Floor of the femoral triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which areas were likely damaged in the soccer injury? |
|
Definition
| The ACL, MCL and medial meniscus (known as "unhappy triad") |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of the damage to the soccer player? |
|
Definition
Severe pain on medial side of knee
Unstable knee (unless locked in extension)
Positive Lachman test |
|
|
Term
| What does stress from a blow to the lateral knee usually result in? |
|
Definition
| Tearing of the MCL and medial meniscus |
|
|
Term
| What is the most sensitive test for an ACL rupture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does a blow to the medial side of the knee not usually damage BOTH the LCL and lateral meniscus? |
|
Definition
It is because the LCL and lateral meniscus are not attached, they are separated by the tendon of the popliteus
In contrast, they medial meniscus and MCL are attached so they are typically injured together w/ a lateral blow to the knee. |
|
|
Term
| How is a Lachman test performed? |
|
Definition
Bend knee at approx. 30 degrees
Stabilize femur & place other hand behind proximal tibia and pull tibia forward.
Amount of anterior movement (laxity of joint) indicates rupture |
|
|
Term
| Path of sciatic nerve at popliteal fossa: |
|
Definition
Bifurcates into the tibial and common peroneal nerves
Tibia travels straight down middle of fossa
Common peroneal follows biceps tendon to lateral border of fossa |
|
|
Term
| When is the patella able to wiggle? |
|
Definition
When the knee is locked (at extension)
Can wiggle patella because muscles are relaxed in this state |
|
|
Term
| Rotation of the humerus in which direction causes the ligaments of the knee to tighten? |
|
Definition
| Medial rotation of humerus causes ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL to tighten and secure joint |
|
|
Term
| Soleal line of tibia is analogous to.... |
|
Definition
Oblique line on radius
Soleal line = origin of soleus, which is similar in origin to the FDS of the upper limb |
|
|
