Term
| Which is the weight bearing bone of the leg? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sharp anterior & lateral borders
Lateral border = attachment for IO membrane
Medial border is subcutaneous (no muscles above it); hurts to get hit here (shin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Flattened out portion at distal tibia which articulates w/ talus |
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Term
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Definition
Distal, medial tuberosity on TIBIA
Forms medial wall of ankle socket |
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Term
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Definition
Posterior aspect of tibia; attachment for soleus
Analogous to oblique line on radius for FDS attachment |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral, distal tuberosity of the FIBULA
Forms lateral wall of ankle socket |
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Term
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Definition
Articulates w/ talar articular surface of tibia w/ body of talus (trochlea)
Neck & head - distal to body; head articulates w/ navicular
Articulates w/ calcaneus inferiorly |
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Term
| Largest tarsal & largest carpal? |
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Definition
Tarsal = Calcaneus
Carpal = Capitate |
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Term
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Definition
"Sustainer of the talus"
MEDIAL, shelf-process which the talus is supported on |
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Term
| What is the weight bearing bone of the foot? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tarsal articulates with all other tarsals? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Articulates w/ calaneus & talus proximally
Articulates w/ cuboid laterally
Articulates w/ cuneiforms distally |
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Term
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Definition
Articulates w/ calcaneus proximally
Articulates w/ MT 4 & 5 distally |
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Term
| Which tarsals do the metatarsals articulate with? |
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Definition
MT 1 = cuneiform 1
MT 2 = cuneiform 2
MT 3 = cuneiform 3
MT 4 & 5 = cuboid |
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Term
| General rules for ANTERIOR compartment of LEG |
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Definition
Arise from either tibia or fibula AND adjoining IO membrane
EXTEND (DORSIFLEX) the foot - insert on dorsum of foot
Innervated by deep peroneal nerve |
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Term
| General Rules for LATERAL Compartment of the LEG |
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Definition
Arise from fibula & insert on foot
EVERT the sole of the foot
Innervated by superficial peroneal nerve |
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Term
| General Rules for the POSTERIOR Compartment of the Leg |
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Definition
FLEX (PLANTARFLEX) the foot
Innervated by tibial nerve |
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Term
| How many muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
| 4 and 1/2 - TA, EHL, EDL, PT (the 1/2 muscle), EDB |
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Term
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Definition
O - upper 2/3 of tibia and IO membrane
I - tendon passes under ER and inserts onto cuneiform 1 and base of MT 1
A - EXTEND (dorsiflex) foot and INVERSION
I - deep peroneal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - inner, proximal 1/2 of fibula & IO membrane
I - tendon goes under ER, to distal phalanx of hallux
A - EXTEND (dorsiflex) foot, extend big toe
I - deep peroneal nerve |
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Term
| Extensor Digitorum Longus |
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Definition
O - medial fibula & IO membrane
I - tendons to lateral 4 toes via extensor expansiosn
A - EXTEND ankle and lateral 4 toes
I - deep peroneal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - slip off of EDL
I - base of MT 5
A - EXTEND foot, EVERT foot
I - deep peroneal nerve |
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Term
| Extensor Digitorum Brevis |
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Definition
O - calcaneus on dorsum of foot
I - proximal phalanx of big toe, extensor expansions of toes 2-4
A - EXTEND toes 1-4
I - deep peroneal nerve |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the anterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
| The ANTERIOR TIBIAL artery |
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Term
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Definition
O - upper 2/3 of fibula + head of fibula
I - tendon passes behind lateral malleolus & under sole of foot; inserts on cuneiform 1 and MT 1
A - PLANTARFLEX foot, EVERT foot
I - superficial peroneal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - lower 2/3 of the fibula
I - base of MT 5
A - EVERT foot, PLANTARFLEX foot
I - superficial peroneal nerve |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
| Branches from PERONEAL artery (branch from the posterior tibial artery) |
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Term
| What compartments of the leg does the peroneal artery supply? |
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Definition
| The posterior & lateral compartments |
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Term
| Layers of the posterior compartment of the leg |
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Definition
Superficial - gastroc, soleus, plantaris
Deep - tibialis posterior, popliteus, FHL, FD |
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Term
| What innervates all POSTERIOR muscles of the LEG? |
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Definition
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Term
| Regarding the SUPERFICIAL layer of muscles on the posterior leg, which is most superficial and which is most deep? |
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Definition
| Gastroc is most superficial; soleus is the deepest |
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Term
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Definition
O - two heads arise from both condyles of the femur
I - tendocalcaneus (Achilles')
A - PLANTARFLEX foot & FLEX at knee (but not simultaneously)
I - tibial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - head of fibula & soleal line on posterior tibia
I - tendocalcaneus (Achilles')
A - PLANTARFLEX foot
I - tibial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - lateral femoral condyle
I - tendocalcaneus
A - PLANTARFLEX foot & FLEX knee (weak)
I - tibial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - posterior, proximal tibia
I - LATERAL FEMORAL condyle (insertion is PROXIMAL to origin)
A - laterally rotate femur = unlock knee
I - tibia nerve |
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Term
| Which is the muscle with an origin DISTAL to its insertion? What is its O and I? |
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Definition
| Popliteus - originates on posterior, proximal tibia & inserts on lateral femoral condyle |
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Term
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Definition
O - tibia, fibula & IO membrane
I - tendon passes behind medial malleolus, runs under foot onto sole to insert on navicular & cuneiforms 1-3
A - PLANTARFLEX and INVERT the foot
I - tibial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - lower 2/3 fibula & IO membrane
I - distal phalanx of hallux
A - PLANTARFLEX foot, FLEX hallux
I - tibial nerve |
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Term
| Flexor Digitorum (Longus) |
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Definition
O - distal, posterior tibia
I - 4 tendons to the lateral 4 toes -> distal phalanx of each toe
A - PLANTARFLEX foot, FLEX toes 2-5
I - tibial nerve |
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Term
| Tendons of the long flexors of the foot (medial to lateral)... |
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Definition
| Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial Artery, Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallucis Longus |
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Term
| What do the tendons of the long flexors pass under before reaching the foot? |
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Definition
| The flexor and peroneal retinacula |
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Term
| What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into at the popliteal fossa? |
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Definition
| The anterior & posterior tibial arteries |
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Term
| Path of anterior tibial artery down leg... |
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Definition
Starts @ popliteal fossa from popliteal artery, travels deep down the anterior aspect along the IO membrane in concert with deep peroneal nerve
Enters foot as DORSALIS PEDIS artery |
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Term
| Path of posterior tibial artery down the leg... |
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Definition
Runs through arch in soleus & travels between the superficial and deep layers of muscle on the posterior leg
Divides into medial & lateral plantar arteries in foot
Posterior tibial artery branches off proximally to supply lateral & posterior leg |
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Term
| Branches of peroneal nerve & innervation: |
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Definition
Superficial - innervates lateral leg
Deep - innervates anterior leg; in concert w/ anterior tibial artery |
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Term
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Definition
Travels in posterior compartment (innervation here); divides into medial & lateral plantar nerves in foot
Travels in concert w/ posterior tibial artery |
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Term
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Definition
Branch from femoral nerve
Innervates skin of the medial side of the leg |
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Term
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Definition
Branch of the tibial nerve
Innervates skin on posterior aspect of the leg |
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Term
| Proximal Tibiofibular Joint |
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Definition
Head of fibula under the lateral condyle of the tibia
Synovial, plane joint
Allows for "splaying" of ankle |
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Term
| Middle Tibiofibular Joint |
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Definition
| IO membrane between the tibia and fibula |
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Term
| Distal Tibiofibular Joint |
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Definition
Between distal tibia & fibula
FIBROUS JOINT (not synovial); syndesmosis
Interosseus Tibiofibular ligament unites the bones above the ankle
The anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments surround the joint |
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Term
| Classification of the ankle joint |
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Definition
| Synovial, hinge joint; uniaxial (flex/ex) |
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Term
| What movements are possible at the ankle joint |
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Definition
| FLEX/EX only -> NO inversion/eversion |
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Term
| Stability of the ankle joint |
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Definition
Very stable when standing
When on point (when plantarflexing), becomes very vulnerable |
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Term
| Bones involved in the ankle joint |
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Definition
| Superior articular surface of the talus fits into the socket created by the medial and lateral malleoli |
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Term
| What reinforces the bones of the ankle joint? |
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Definition
| Transverse tibiofibular ligament |
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Term
| Lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle joint? |
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Definition
3 in total
2 -> originate from the fibula and insert on talus (anterior and posterior talofibular)
1 -> originates from fibula and inserts on calcaneus (calcaneofibular ligament) |
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Term
| Medial collateral ligament of the ankle joint? |
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Definition
Also called the "deltoid" ligament -> fan shaped
From sustentaculum tali to talus & navicular |
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Term
| How many collateral ligaments exist at the ankle joint? |
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Definition
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Term
| Superficial muscle layer of the foot? |
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Definition
| Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Digiti Minimi |
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Term
| Where do all of the superficial muscles of the foot arise? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
O - base of calcaneus
I - proximal phalanx of hallux
A - ABDUCT hallux
I - medial plantar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - calcaneus
I - 4 tendons to lateral 4 toes - tendons bifurcate at middle phalanx of each toe
A - flex toes 2-5
I - medial plantar nerve |
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Term
| What is the insertion of the FDB of the foot analogous to? |
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Definition
| The FDS insertion in the hand |
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Term
| What two muscles is the FDS most analogous to? |
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Definition
Origin - analogous to soleus
Insertion - analogous to FDB |
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Term
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Definition
O - base of calcaneus
I - proximal phalanx of 5th toe
A - ABDUCT 5th toe
I - lateral plantar nerve |
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Term
| Analogy between nerves in the hand & nerves in the foot? |
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Definition
Median Nerve = MEDIAL PLANTAR nerve in foot
Ulnar Nerve = LATERAL PLANTAR nerve in foot |
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Term
| Associated muscles in 2nd layer of foot... |
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Definition
FDL tendon
Quadratus Plantae
Lumbricals (arising from FDL tendons) |
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Term
| What is the FDL of the foot analogous to? |
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Definition
| FDP in the upper limb -> passes through bifurcations in FDB, just like FDP passing through FDS |
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Term
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Definition
O - 2 heads coming from each side of calcaneus
I - FDL tendons of toes 2-5
A - FLEX toes 2-5 via FDL tendons
I - lateral plantar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O - FDL tendons
I - to medial side of toe, cross over and insert on extensor expansions
A - FLEX MTP joints, EXTEND IP joints
I - medial plantar (1st one), lateral plantar (2-4)
**Innervation dependent on axis of foot - 2nd toe |
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Term
| Deep Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot |
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Definition
| Flexor Hallucis Brevis, Adductor Hallucis, Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis |
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Term
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Definition
O - 2 heads, one from each side of cuneiform 1
I - heads insert on medial and lateral sesamoid bones on the sides of proximal phalanx of the hallux
A - FLEX hallux (at MT-P joint)
I - medial plantar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
O: OBLIQUE head - base of MT 2-4
O: TRANSVERSE head - from MTP joints 2-4
I - lateral sesamoid bone of proximal phalanx
A - ADDUCT hallux
I - lateral plantar nerve |
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Term
| Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis |
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Definition
O - base of MT 5
I - base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
A - FLEX MTP joint for 5th toe
I - lateral plantar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
3 in total
O - medial side of MT 3-5
I - medial side of extensor expansions of 3-5
A - ADDUCT toes 3-5
I - lateral plantar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
4 in total
O - in between MT's on axial side
I - 1st - medial side of 2nd toe
2-4 - lateral side of toes 2, 3, 4
A - ABDUCT toes 3 & 4, ABDUCT and ADDUCT 2nd toe
I - lateral plantar nerve |
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Term
| Deepest muscular structure in the foot? |
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Definition
| The tendon of peroneus longus |
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Term
| Which surface of the tibia is subcutaneous? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the body of the talus articulate with? |
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Definition
| The tibia at the ankle joint |
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Term
| What does the head of the talus articulate with? |
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Definition
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Term
| One common feature of all joints in the foot? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Talus rests on the CENTER of the calcaneus
Plane joint
Secured by the TALOCALCANEAL ligament & ankle ligament |
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Term
| What joint does the talocalcaneal ligament secure? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Calcaneus & navicular form a SOCKET for the head of the talus (head rests on sustentaculum tali)
Most important ligament -> calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament) |
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Term
| What joint is the spring ligament crucial to? |
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Definition
The TCN joint
Spring ligament = plantar/calcaneonavicular ligament |
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Term
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Definition
Lower & lateral to TCN joint
Supported by SHORT plantar ligament |
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Term
| What forms the midtalar/transverse talar joint? |
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Definition
| The CC and TCN joints forming an S-shaped line |
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Term
| Why is the midtalar joint important? |
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Definition
| Location where INVERSION/EVERSION occurs |
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Term
| What is common to all T-MT joints of the foot? |
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Definition
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Term
| Unique feature of MT-P joints? |
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Definition
| Can become more HYPEREXTENDED than upper limb analogues to satisfy that need for pushing off when walking |
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Term
| Unique feature of IP joints of foot? |
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Definition
| Less movement allowed than IP joints of hand |
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Term
| Medial Longitudinal arch is made up of... |
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Definition
| Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, MT 1-3 & sesamoid bones of hallux |
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Term
| What is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch? |
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Definition
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Term
| Supporting structures of medial longitudinal arch? |
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Definition
Long flexor tendons
Long & Short Plantar Ligaments
Calcaneonavicular/Spring Ligament |
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Term
| What is responsible for keeping the medial arch higher? |
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Definition
| The spring ligament; keeps arch up by keeping talus high |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lateral longitudinal arch is made of... |
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Definition
| Calcaneus, cuboid, MT 4+5 |
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Term
| Which tarsal is part of both arches? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the posterior tibial artery split into as it enters the back of the foot? |
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Definition
| Medial and lateral plantar arteries |
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Term
| Medial plantar artery supplies... |
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Definition
Muscles of the hallux (minus adductor hallucis), FDB, 1st lumbrical
Blood supply mirrors innervation |
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Term
| How does the lateral plantar artery supply its muscles? |
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Definition
| By the PLANTAR ARCH on the plantar aspect of the foot |
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Term
| Anastomosis within the foot? |
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Definition
| Perforating branches from plantar arch transverse foot to dorsum where they anastomose with the dorsalis pedis artery (continuation of anterior tibial artery) |
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Term
| Where do the superficial veins of the lower limb commence? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Arises from LATERAL side of dorsal venous arch -> goes BEHIND lateral malleolus
Joins popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa |
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Term
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Definition
Arises from MEDIAL side of dorsal venous arch -> travels IN FRONT OF medial malleolus, up the medial aspect of the thigh
Enters femoral vein via saphenous hiatus in fascia |
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Term
| Deepest muscle in posterior compartment of the leg? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood supply to lateral compartment of leg? |
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Definition
| Peroneal artery - lateral branch off of the posterior tibial artery |
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Term
| The flexor digitorum brevis is similar to... |
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Definition
| The insertion of FDS in the upper limb |
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Term
| Is TCN or CC joint higher? |
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Definition
TCN joint is higher -> as is the medial arch
CC joint is lower -> as is the lateral arch |
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Term
| Cutaneous innervation of the medial and posterior leg? |
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Definition
Medial cutaneous innervation = SAPHENOUS nerve (branch from femoral)
Posterior cutaneous innervation = SURAL nerve (branch from tibial nerve) |
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Term
| Cutaneous innervation for the medial, anterior and lateral thigh? |
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Definition
Medial thigh = Genitofemoral (L1, L2 - from lumbar plexus)
Anterior AND lateral thigh = Lateral Femoral Cutaneous (L2, L3 - from lumbar plexus) |
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Term
| Upper limb equivalent of PL/PB? |
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Definition
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Term
| Upper limb equivalent of peroneus tertius? |
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Definition
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Term
| Upper limb equivalent of tibialis anterior/posterior muscles? |
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Definition
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