Term
|
Definition
Produce urine by elimination of wastes
Regulate plasma ion/water levels; regulate BP
Regulate plasma pH
Hormone synthesis - EPO & Calcitriol
Aids in detoxification during fasting |
|
|
Term
| Functions of EPO & Calcitriol |
|
Definition
EPO - stimulate RBC synthesis in red bone marrow
Calcitriol - increase Ca absorption in intestine; decrease Ca secretion from kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys / Structural Features |
|
Definition
Retroperitoneal (embedded in posterior abdominal wall)
R kidney is slightly lower than L due to liver
10 cm in length x 5 cm in width |
|
|
Term
| What enters/exits at the hilum of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| BVs, lymphatics, nerves, ureters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Virtual space (full of adipose tissue); contains the segmental arteries of renal circulation
internal to hilus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connects kidneys to ureters (continuous w/ ureters); expanded portion of the ureter located in the renal sinus
Collects urine from major calyces to drain to ureter |
|
|
Term
| Layers of supportive tissues surrounding the kidney, deep to superficial.... |
|
Definition
| Fibrous Capsule (fibrous CT) -> Perirenal Fat (adipose capsule; cushioning/protection) -> Renal Fascia (isolates kidneys) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of the Renal Cortex |
|
Definition
Outermost layer, granular in appearance (due to nephrons)
Projections into the renal medulla - renal columns (in between adjacent renal pyramids) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of the Renal Medulla |
|
Definition
Renal Pyramids - base = superior, apex = inferior; base is parallel to kidney surface
Pyramids collect urine from collecting tubules
Urine drains from renal papilla of pyramid to minor calyx, and then to major calyx |
|
|
Term
| What is the structural/functional unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the nephron gives the cortex its granular appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures make up the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| Glomerulus (knot of fenestrated capillaries) + Bowman's capsule (double layered blind end of renal tubule) |
|
|
Term
| Components of the Urinary System |
|
Definition
| Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exist mainly in the cortex of the kidneys near the capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exist closer to the bases of the renal pyramids; long Loops of Henle to better concentrate urine (important for concentrated urine) |
|
|
Term
| What two functional structures make up nephrons? |
|
Definition
| Renal Corpuscle (glomerulus & Bowman's capsule) + Renal Tubule (PCT, loop, DCT) |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many nephrons exist in 1 kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Knot of fenestrated capillaries; afferent/efferent arterioles
Site of INITIAL FILTRATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blind-ended portion of renal tubule (start of renal tubule)
2 layers - parietal & visceral |
|
|
Term
| 2 Layers of Bowman's Capsule & Type of Cell in Layer |
|
Definition
Parietal Layer - simple squamous epithelium
Visceral Layer - podocytes w/ foot processes (pedicels) |
|
|
Term
| What structures form the filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| Fenestrated capillary endothelium + basal lamina + pedicel of podocyte |
|
|
Term
| Filtrate that filters through the glomerulus passes into the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the filtrate pass through to get to the capsular space (of Bowman's capsule)? |
|
Definition
| Passes through "slit pores" formed by the interdigitation of adjacent pedicels of the podocytes (of visceral layer) |
|
|
Term
| What membrane joins adjacent pedicels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two poles exist in the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
Vascular Pole - entry/exit of afferent/efferent arteriole
Urinary Pole - beginning of renal tubule (PCT...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell found in the glomerulus that has contractile properties; believed to be able to control filtration rate through the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| Components of the renal tubule? |
|
Definition
| PCT + Loop of Henle + DCT (+ Bowman's capsule, but iffy on that) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st portion of renal tubule; continuous with Bowman's capsule
Important in reabsorption of isosmotic fluid from the filtrate
Has invaginations in basolateral membrane to increase SA for reabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tall, cuboidal epithelium w/ brush border (microvilli) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important for the reabsorption of solutes & water from filtrate; functions to create concentrated urine
Longer in Juxtamedullary Nephrons
2 portions - descending (thin), ascending (thick) |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Loop of Henle? |
|
Definition
Descending (THIN) - simple squamous
Ascending (THICK) - cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| Permeability of the Loop of Henle? |
|
Definition
Descending (Thin) - permeable only to water
Ascending (Thick) - permeable only to solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drains urine into collecting tubules -> collecting ducts -> papillary ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cuboidal epithelium with fewer microvilli (less reabsorption than PCT) |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Collecting Ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus |
|
Definition
| Juxtaglomerular Cells (afferent arteriole) + Macula Densa (DCT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
Secrete Renin (-> ANGI -> ANGII); ANGII is a vasoconstrictor
Function as modified MECHANORECEPTORS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modified portion of DCT; senses [Na] as a determinant of BP
Modified cuboidal cells function as CHEMORECEPTORS |
|
|
Term
| Arterial Branching in the Kidney |
|
Definition
1. Renal Artery (enters at hilum)
2. Segmental Arteries (in renal sinus)
3. Interlobar Arteries (run in renal columns)
4. Arcuate Arteries (@ base of renal pyramids)
5. Interlobular Arteries
6. Afferent Arterioles (supply glomerulus) |
|
|
Term
| Venous Branching in the Kidney |
|
Definition
1. Peritubular Capillaries (reabsorption)
- have VASA RECTA in juxtamed. nephrons (runs parallel to Loop)
2. Interlobular Veins
3. Arcuate Veins
4. Interlobar Veins
5. Renal Veins
6. IVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long muscular tubes which move urine through peristalsis to the bladder (25 cm long)
Continuation of renal pelvis at level of L2
RETROPERITONEAL |
|
|
Term
| How is backflow into the ureters prevented? |
|
Definition
| NO actual sphincter; the ureters enter the bladder @ oblique angle, so as bladder fills, filling pressure closes off the ureters to prevent urine backflow |
|
|
Term
| Relation of Ureters to Common Iliac arteries? |
|
Definition
Ureters enter the pelvis @ bifurcation of common iliac arteries
Ureters continue downwards anterior to the common iliac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mucosa - transitional epithelium w/ lamina propria
Muscularis - inner longitudinal, outer circular; important in peristalsis
Adventitia - fibrous CT existing on all sides EXCEPT anterior; anterior is covered in serosa (peritoneum) |
|
|
Term
| Urinary Bladder Characteristics |
|
Definition
Can hold up to 1L of fluid
Covered superiorly by peritoneum -> still considered RETROPERITONEAL |
|
|
Term
| Urinary Bladder Location in Males vs. Females |
|
Definition
Males - located behind pubis symphsis
Females - located anterior to the vagina and inferior to uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-permanent mucosal folds in bladder walls that disappear with filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formed by entrance of both ureters into bladder at base (top) and entrance to ureter at bottom (neck of bladder)
NO rugae (smooth) |
|
|
Term
| Internal Urethral Sphincter |
|
Definition
Continuation of smooth muscle fibers in muscularis of the neck of the bladder
Involuntary control (smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the smooth muscle of the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mucosa - transitional epithelium & lamina propria
Muscularis - 3 layers (inner and outer longitudinal, middle circular)
Adventitia - fibrous CT on all sides except superior; superior is covered by 'serosa' (peritoneum) |
|
|
Term
| Urethra - Functional Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Thin walled muscular tube; opens to the external environment |
|
|
Term
| Urethral Differences in Males vs. Females |
|
Definition
Females - urethra is 3-5 cm long and extends from the neck of the urinary bladder to the vestibule
Males - urethra is 18-20 cm long and extends from the neck of the urinary bladder to the external urethral meatus |
|
|
Term
| Female Urethra Characteristics - Epithelium |
|
Definition
| Starts with transitional epithelium in the proximal portion; remainder of the urethra is lined with stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| Portions of the Male Urethra |
|
Definition
Prostatic Urethra - proximal portion; passes through prostate gland; lined with transitional epithelium
Membranous Urethra - middle portion; penetrates the urogenital diaphragm; lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Spongy - distal portion; extends from urogenital diaphragm to external opening; longest portion (12-15 cm); lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| External Urethral Sphincter |
|
Definition
Located as the membranous urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm
Sphincter made of skeletal muscle for voluntary control of micturition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stretch receptors in bladder send afferent impulses to CNS; increases firing of parasympathetic neurons to stimulate contraction of detrusor of bladder to force urine into urethra
Also need inhibition of motor neurons that contract the external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary male reproductive organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitute the male external genitalia, genital ducts, and accessory glands? |
|
Definition
External Genitalia = penis, scrotum, testes
Genital Ducts = epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Accessory Glands = seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of the epididymis? Which receives immature sperm from the testes first? |
|
Definition
Head, Body, Tail
Head receives sperm first. |
|
|
Term
| 2 most important muscles of penile erection? |
|
Definition
| Corpora cavernosa (2), corpus spongiosum (1) |
|
|
Term
| How long do sperm typically take to mature in the epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scrotum - Characteristics |
|
Definition
Sac of skin & fascia outside the abdominopelvic cavity
Midline septum is marked externally by the perineal raphe |
|
|
Term
| What is the muscle that exists in the skin of the scrotum? Functions? |
|
Definition
This is the DARTOS muscle
Tonic contractions give scrotal skin its wrinkled appearance; smooth muscle
Assists in elevation of testes |
|
|
Term
| What is the muscle in the deep scrotal wall of the body? Function? |
|
Definition
This is the CREMASTER muscle. Its main function is in temperature regulation of the testes. It is a skeletal muscle.
If the temperature is cold, it contracts to elevate the testes to raise their temperature. Vice versa w/ when it is too warm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the layer of fascia that separates the dartos & cremaster muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fascia & muscles of the scrotum, deep to superficial |
|
Definition
| Cremaster -> Scrotal Fasciae -> Dartos |
|
|
Term
| Process of Descent of the Testes |
|
Definition
Testes first develop intra-abdominally next to the kidneys; eventually are translocated inferiorly and anteriorly to abdominal wall.
Gubernaculum testis contracts during the 3rd trimester (7th month) to pull the testes downwards and move through a wall of peritoneum
Take BVs, lymphatics & nerves w/ them in 'spermatic cords'. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cord of CT and muscle that originates from a posterior pocket of peritoneum and inserts laterally on to the testis.
Contracts during 3rd trimester to cause descent of testes. |
|
|
Term
| What structures exist within the "spermatic cords"? |
|
Definition
Testicular Artery
Pampiniform Plexus (of testicular vein)
Nerves
Vas (Ductus) Deferens |
|
|
Term
| The typical temperature of the testis is different from the temperature of the body in what way? |
|
Definition
| The temperature is approximately 2 degrees Fahrenheit lower than the core body temperature. This is needed for development of spermatozoa. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pampiniform plexus surrounding the testicular artery? |
|
Definition
| Venous blood serves to cool arterial blood headed to the testes so that their temperature (below core temperature) can be maintained. |
|
|
Term
| What structure is affected mainly in a vasectomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an inguinal hernia, where does the abdominal structure herniate into? |
|
Definition
| It herniates into the inguinal canal |
|
|
Term
| What are the two tunics of the testes? |
|
Definition
Tunica Vaginalis - external tunic; extension of peritoneum that covers the outside of each testis
Tunica Albuginea - inner; fibrous CT that surrounds each testis; collagenous septae extend inwards to divide each testis into 250-300 testicular lobules |
|
|
Term
| What is located within testicular lobules? |
|
Definition
| Seminiferous tubules, BVs, lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how long are individual seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| Approximately 80 cm in length. |
|
|
Term
| What do Leydig Cells produce? |
|
Definition
They produce TESTOSTERONE; acted on by LH from anterior pituitary.
Located in septae in between seminiferous tubules (interstitial cells; NOT located within seminiferous tubules) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Sertoli Cells and where are they located? |
|
Definition
Sertoli cells aid in the progress of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Produce inhibin & androgen binding protein.
Located in the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules
Also function to maintain the blood-testis barrier (stable environment for spermatocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'rete testis'? |
|
Definition
It is the connection between the testis and the head of the epididymis
Site of where all testicular lobules merge together |
|
|
Term
| Where does spermatogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
| In the seminiferous tubules of the testes |
|
|
Term
| What is the main purpose of spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
| To develop spermatogonia (stem cells) into spermatids |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates spermatogenesis to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of spermiogenesis? |
|
Definition
| The development of spermatids to spermatozoa with the aid of Sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| Events of Spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
Start in basal layer of spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules. At puberty, mitotically divide, with one daughter cell moving towards the lumen of the tubule. This daughter cell differentiates into a primary spermatocyte.
The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to form a secondary spermatocyte. The secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to form a spermatid. |
|
|
Term
| When do spermatogonia form? |
|
Definition
| These stem cells form during embryonic development. |
|
|
Term
| Layers from outside to in (scrotum & testes)? |
|
Definition
| Skin -> Dartos -> Scrotal Fasciae -> Cremaster -> Tunica Vaginalis -> Tunica Albuginea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Head - flattened oval w/ densely packed chromosomes; contains acrosomal cap (filled w/ digestive enzymes)
Neck & Middle Piece - middle piece connects the neck and flagellum; contains mitochondrial collar
Tail - flagellum of spermatozoa; microtubules surrounded by dense, fibrous sheath |
|
|
Term
| Where is the main site of storage for mature sperm? |
|
Definition
| In the tail of the epididymis |
|
|
Term
| Epididymis - Characteristics & Function |
|
Definition
Comma shaped "tube" along posterior border of the testes; coiled tube (approx. 23 feet in length)
Contains 3 parts - head, body, tail
Function in sperm storage and maturation. |
|
|
Term
| Major Epididymal Functions: |
|
Definition
Adjust fluid from seminiferous tubules
Recycling center for damaged spermatozoa
Stores spermatozoa and assists in functional maturation |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of the Epididymis |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia |
|
|
Term
| Which cells do LH and FSH affect? |
|
Definition
LH - Leydig cells
FSH - Sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| Ductus Deferens - Characteristics & Function |
|
Definition
Continuous with the tail of the epididymis; joins with ducts from seminal vesicles at the pelvis to form the "ejaculatory duct"
Functions - sperm storage and transport
Enlargement before the prostate = AMPULLA |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Ductus Deferens |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified Epithelium w/ Stereocilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Merging of the ductus deferens and ducts from seminal vesicles before reaching the prostatic urethra. |
|
|
Term
| Male Accessory Glands - Volume Contributions to Ejaculate |
|
Definition
Seminal Vesicles = 60%
Prostate Gland = 30%
Bulbourethral Glands = 5% |
|
|
Term
| Main functions of accessory glands |
|
Definition
Activate spermatozoa
Provide nutrients needed for motility
Produce buffers to counteract acidity of the vagina |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of the Seminal Vesicles |
|
Definition
| Changes depending on levels of testosterone - ranges from pseudostratified, cuboidal, or columnar lining |
|
|
Term
| Where are the seminal vesicles located? |
|
Definition
| Embedded in CT posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the wall of the rectum |
|
|
Term
| Histology of the Ductus Deferens - 2 main layers |
|
Definition
Mucosa - pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia
Muscularis - 3 layers -> inner & outer longitudinal and middle circular layer; contractions aid in sperm movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the secretion from the seminal vesicles? What does it contain? |
|
Definition
Secretion is a viscous, yellow alkaline fluid.
Contains fructose, clotting proteins, ascorbic acid, & prostaglandins
MIXING of seminal secretions w/ sperm makes them motile |
|
|
Term
| When do the sperm first become motile? |
|
Definition
| Upon mixing with secretions from the seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Prostate Gland - Characteristics |
|
Definition
Located anterior/inferior to the urinary bladder; surrounds the prostatic urethra
Provides 30% of the volume of semen |
|
|
Term
| Secretions from the Prostate Gland |
|
Definition
| Contains - milky, slightly acidic (or alkaline; notes say pH = 7.28) solution; seminalplasmin (antimicrobial), citrate (increase activity of sperm) |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Prostate Gland |
|
Definition
| Simple Columnar to Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Location of bulbourethral glands? Function? |
|
Definition
Located at the base of the penis in the urogenital diaphragm
Secretion released BEFORE ejaculation to neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra & lubricate (thick, clear alkaline mucus) |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Bulbourethral Glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volume of normal ejaculate? Sperm concentration in semen? |
|
Definition
Normal volume = 2-5 mL
Concentration = 20-100 million/mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Root - fixed portion; attaches penis to rami of ischium
Body (Shaft) - tubular, movable portion; erectile tissues & urethra
Glans - expanded distal end around urethral meatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TWO erectile cylinders on the dorsal (posterior) side of penis
Make up most of penile mass
At bases, diverge to form crura - secured to ischium by ischiocavernosus muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surrounds the spongy urethra; single muscle; on ventral penis (anterior when upright)
Distal end expands to form the glans
"Bulb" is the thickened proximal end secured to the urogenital diaphragm by the bulbospongiosus muscle |
|
|
Term
| In order for an erection to occur, you need... |
|
Definition
Elevated penile blood flow
Restricted venous outflow
Dilation of corporal sinusoids (capillaries)
Increased intrapenile pressure |
|
|
Term
| What causes dilation of the corporal sinusoids? |
|
Definition
| The release of nitric oxide from parasympathetic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the Female Reproductive System |
|
Definition
Produce sex hormones - estrogen & progesterone
Produce functioning gametes
Support & protect developing embryo |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the female reproductive system are intra/retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
Intraperitoneal - ovaries
Retroperitoneal - uterus, uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
| External Genitalia of Female |
|
Definition
Vulva - Labia Majora (hairy), Labia Minora (hairless)
Vestibule
Vagina - leads into vaginal canal |
|
|
Term
| Where may sperm be temporarily stored inside the female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the opening of the uterus into the vaginal canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Internal Os - opening of cervix that communicates with uterus
External Os - opening of cervix that communicates w/ vagina |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the uterus (from outer to luminal)? |
|
Definition
| Perimetrium -> Myometrium -> Endometrium |
|
|
Term
| Vesicouterine & Rectouterine Pouches |
|
Definition
Vesicouterine - between bladder & uterus (anterior)
Rectouterine - between uterus & rectum (posterior) |
|
|
Term
| What is the clitoris made of? |
|
Definition
| The clitoris is made of erectile tissue (similar to corpora cavernosa in penis) |
|
|
Term
| Hormones produced by the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peritoneal Support of the Ovaries |
|
Definition
Mesovarium - portion of broad ligament that supports ovaries
Ovarian Ligaments - connect ovaries to uterus
Suspensory Ligaments - connect ovaries to lateral pelvic walls |
|
|
Term
| Blood Supply/Drainage of the Ovaries |
|
Definition
Supply - ovarian artery & ovarian branch of uterine artery
Drainage - ovarian vein |
|
|
Term
| What is the thick CT capsule that surrounds the ovary? |
|
Definition
| The tunica albuginea; the tunica albuginea is dense CT that is deep to the germinal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Cortex vs. Medulla in Ovaries |
|
Definition
Cortex - site of ovum & follicular development; location of follicles
Medulla - contains lymphatics, nerves and BVs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cuboidal epithelium that covers the ovary (visceral peritoneum)
External to the tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monthly development of ovum & follicles -> leads to ovulation of secondary oocyte
2 phases - follicular (pre-ovulatory) and luteal (post-ovulatory) |
|
|
Term
| When does the mitotic division of oogonium (stem cell) occur? |
|
Definition
| BEFORE birth (embryonic development) |
|
|
Term
| A female is born with a lifetime supply of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps of the Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase |
|
Definition
Primordial follicles (1 layer of granulosa) first develop into primary follicles (2 or more layers of granulosa cells surrounding egg); occurs due to FSH stimulation. Some primary follicles develop into secondary follicles (beginning of development of antrum). By 14th day, have developed one tertiary follicle (mature). Fluid pressure in antrum builds and the secondary oocyte ruptures out of the follicle and is ovulated.
ALL follicular development occurs in the ovary |
|
|
Term
| At what stage of cell division is the secondary oocyte stuck in when ovulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some granulosa cells remain attached to the ovulated ovum, what is this structure called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hormonal stimulus for ovulation? |
|
Definition
| A sudden increase in LH release (coincides with peak in estrogen levels) |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian Cycle - Luteal Phase |
|
Definition
Following ovulation, still have remaining follicular cells in ovary. Forms the corpus luteum (endocrine structure); occurs under LH stimulation.
Progesterone is the primary hormone secreted by the corpus luteum; luteum degenerates if fertilization does not occur.
Degenerates into the corpus albicans (scar tissue) |
|
|
Term
| At what stage of follicular development is the zona pellucida first noticed? |
|
Definition
| The formation of primary follicles (2 or more layers of granulosa cells) |
|
|
Term
| What forms large luteal cells and small luteal cells, respectively? |
|
Definition
Large Luteal Cells - from granulosa cells
Small Luteal Cells - from thecal cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the uterine tubes? Characteristics of each. |
|
Definition
Infundibulum - distal portion near ovary; has fimbriae which catch the ovulated ova
Ampulla - largest and widest portion of tube; generally the site of fertilization
Isthmus - proximal portion near uterus; passes through uterine wall |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium of Uterine Tube |
|
Definition
| Both ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Histology of the Uterine Tube Wall |
|
Definition
Mucosa - both ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar & lamina propria
Muscularis - inner circular, outer longitudinal
Serosa/Adventitia - tubes are retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| Peritoneum Support of the Uterus |
|
Definition
Mesosalpinx - portion of broad ligament
Round Ligament - lateral uterus to external genitalia
Uterosacral - lateral uterus to anterior face of sacrum
Cardinal - base of uterus to lateral pelvic walls |
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Term
| Anteflexion vs. Retroflexion of the Uterus |
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Definition
Anteflexion - normally the uterus bends anteriorly near base; body covers superior & posterior surfaces of bladder (common)
Retroflexion - bends backwards near the rectum |
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Term
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Definition
Fundus - portion that is superior to attachment of oviducts
Body - largest portion of uterus
Isthmus - inferior portion to the body
Cervix - connection w/ the vagina |
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Term
| Different zones of the endometrium |
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Definition
Functional Zone - shed during the menstrual cycle; site of implantation; filled with many glands
Basilar Zone - generates new functional zone after menses; origin of glands in functional layer |
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Term
| Blood Supply of Uterus & Branching |
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Definition
Uterine Artery -> arcuate arteries -> radial arteries -> spiral & straight arteries
Spiral - to functional zone
Straight - to basilar zone |
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Term
| What is the average length of the uterine cycle? |
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Definition
| 28 days (can range from 21-35) |
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Term
| Phases of the Uterine Cycle? |
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Definition
| Menses, Proliferative Phase, Secretory Phase |
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Term
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Definition
Menstruation; shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium; marks the onset of the uterine cycle.
Arteries constrict to reduce blood flow to functional zone - functional zone sloughs off; lasts 1-7 days
Occurs concurrently with a decrease in progesterone and estrogen concentrations at the end of ovarian cycle (degeneration of corpus luteum) |
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Term
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Definition
Basilar layer begins regneration of the functional layer of endometrium
Levels of circulating estrogen causes regrowth of functionalis (estrogen levels increase with follicular growth)
Occurs concurrently with development of primary and secondary follicles in ovary (follicular phase) |
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Term
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Definition
Endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate rates of secretion
Spiral arteries enlarge to supply additional blood to endometrium
Begins at the time of ovulation, and lasts as long as the corpus luteum is intact (occurs with luteal phase) |
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Term
| Blood Supply to the Vagina |
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Definition
| Comes from vaginal branches of internal iliac arteries |
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Term
| Histology of the Wall of the Vagina |
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Definition
Mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium; see rugae in relaxed state
Muscularis - inner circular and outer longitudinal
Adventitia - fibrous CT covers most of vagina |
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Term
| What is the region enclosing the female genitalia? What marks its outer limits? |
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Definition
The vulva encloses the female genitalia.
It is marked by the mons pubis (hairy area superior to vagina) and the labia majora (hairy portion lateral to vagina) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the external opening to the vagina |
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Term
| What are the greater vestibular glands homologous to in males? |
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Definition
| Homologous to Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands |
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Term
| The mammary glands are modified... |
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Definition
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Term
| The glandular tissue of the breast contains 15-20 lobes which contain.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Ducts leaving the secretory lobules of the mammary gland form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do lactiferous ducts deposit their milk into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of embryology? |
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Definition
| The study of developmental events during the prenatal period (from fertilization to birth) |
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Term
| What are the 3 periods of embryonic development? |
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Definition
Pre-embryonic period (1st 2 weeks)
Embryonic Period (2nd week to 8th week)
Fetal Period (9th week to birth) |
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Term
| Where does fertilization usually occur? |
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Definition
| In the ampulla of the uterine tubes |
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Term
| What does the fusion of the sperm and egg produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What needs to occur before the fertilization of the egg can happen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of seminal and epididymal fluids; remove glycoprotein coat from sperm to weaken membrane (needed to acrosomal reaction can occur) |
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Term
| How long does capacitation of sperm usually take? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two barriers protecting the ovulated egg? |
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Definition
Corona Radiata
Zona Pellucida |
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Term
| What is the acrosomal reaction? |
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Definition
| The breaking of the acrosomal cap by messengers from the egg; causes release of digestive enzymes from acrosome to cause breakdown of corona radiata |
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Term
| Does only one sperm typically undergo the acrosomal reaction? |
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Definition
| NO. Dozens of sperm undergo the acrosomal reaction. |
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Term
| What occurs with activation of the egg membrane? |
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Definition
The zona pellucida and egg membrane are both altered in receptor function to prevent polyspermy.
Initiates completion of meiosis II to produce new oocyte and second polar body |
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Term
| Name of the swelled nuclei in the ovum cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the true instant of fertilization? |
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Definition
| When the two pronuclei fuse to form the diploid zygote |
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Term
| How many hours after fertilization does cleavage begin (1st cell division)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Structure formed after 1st cell division in cleavage - forms two identical blastomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid ball of cells formed during cleavage |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow, fluid filled ball of cells |
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Term
| In what form does the fertilized egg enter the uterus following fertilization and initial capacitation? |
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Definition
| Enters as the morula; then once inside the uterus becomes the blastocyst by taking in uterine fluid |
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Term
| What allows for development of the blastocyst? |
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Definition
| The breakdown of the zona pellucida to allow for expansion of the cells from the growing fluid filled cavity |
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Term
| Cellular Regions of the Blastocyst |
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Definition
Blastocoele - hollow cavity of blastocyst
Inner Cell Mass - mass of stem cells
Trophoblast Cells - flat, outer layer of cells |
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Term
| Approximately how many days does it take for implantation to occur? |
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Definition
| Takes approximately 1 week |
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Term
| What are the 2 trophoblastic cell layers in implantation? |
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Definition
Cellular Trophoblast - inner layer
Syncytial Trophoblast - outer multinucleated layer |
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Term
| Which trophoblast cell layer buries into the endometrial wall during implantation? |
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Definition
| Syncytiotrophoblast (layer) |
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Term
| What is the amniotic cavity? |
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Definition
| Separates blastodisc (inner cell mass) from trophoblast cells (cellular trophoblast) |
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Term
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Definition
Formed by inner cell mass; 2 layer structure:
Epiblast - faces amniotic cavity
Hypoblast - faces blastocoele
During development, forms the trilaminar disc |
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Term
| What is the purpose of gastrulation? |
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Definition
To establish the structural framework needed for organogenesis
Involves formation of trilaminar disc from the blastodisc |
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Term
| What are the 3 germ layers formed during gastrulation? |
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Definition
Ectoderm - from epiblast; faces amniotic cavity
Mesoderm - from epiblast cells; middle layer
Endoderm - from hypoblast; faces blastocoele |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by mesodermal cells; serves as 1st structural axis for support of developing embryo |
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Term
| The 3 germ layers differentiate into what types of tissues? |
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Definition
Ectoderm - external skin; all surfaces in contact with external environment (sclera, NS, outer skin)
Endoderm - inner skin; epithelium of the respiratory, GI, and urogenital systems
Mesoderm - supporting structures such as cartilage, bone, muscle, blood |
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Term
| Extra-Embryonic Membranes |
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Definition
| Yolk Sac, Amnion, Allantois, Chorion |
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Term
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Definition
Formed by endodermal + mesodermal cells
1st to appear; important for early blood cell formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Mesodermal cells + ectodermal cells; contains amniotic fluid which serves to cushion the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| Mesodermal + endodermal cells; base gives rise to the urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Mesoderm + trophoblast cells; BVs located here to allow nutrients to grow (important in development of placenta) |
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Term
| When do embryogenesis and organogenesis occur? |
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Definition
| During the EMBRYONIC developmental stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina (referring to uterine body) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tipped or bent posteriorly relative to the cervix (referring to body of uterus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Uterine body is flexed anteriorly relative to the cervix so that its mass is above the bladder (normal) |
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