Term
| 2nd capillary beds and where they are found; purpose? |
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Definition
- Peritubular capillaries: surround PCT and DCT in the renal cortex
- Vasa recta: surround loop of Henle and collecting ducts in the renal pyramids in the medulla
- this permits extensive exchange between the blood and the filtrate in the tubules |
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Term
| Is there a renal portal sys? |
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Definition
No!--the two capillary beds are joined by an arteriole not a vein (like in a portal sys)
*** difference that all veins only have tunica intima (no sm muscle) but all arteries have at least one layer of sm muscle for regulating blood flow
** sig: regulate how much filtrate is produced --> regulate how much urine is produced |
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Term
| Efferent arterioles: function and what happens if it constricts |
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Definition
- help regulate how much filtrate forms
- when it constricts: blood "backs up" in the glomerulus-> the pressure increases -> more filtrate forms |
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Term
| Modification of the Filtrate: through the tubules |
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Definition
- PCT: reduces vol of the filtrate by 65% to 90%; resorbs water, glucose, small proteins; secretes creatinine, penicilin, etc.
- Loop of Henle: sodium and water exchange
- DCT: resorbs sodium and chloride ions, and water; secretes ions for pH adjustment
- Collecting duct: resorbs water to concentrate the filtrate |
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Term
| How do hormones influence urine output? |
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Definition
| affect sodium (and water) levels in the filtrate |
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Term
| Hormone: Aldosterone (from the adrenal gland): Target, Response, Change in BP |
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Definition
- Target: DCT
- Response: increase resorbtion sodium and water
- Change in BP: increase |
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Term
| Hormone: ADH (from the post. pituitary gland): Target, Response, Change in BP |
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Definition
- Target: collecting ducts
- Response: increase resorbption of sodium and water
- Change in BP: increase |
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Term
| Hormone: ANF (from atrial myocytes): Target, Response, Change in BP |
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Definition
- Target: adrenal cortex
- Response: inhibits aldosterone secertion
- change in BP: decrease |
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Term
| Which zona of the adrenal cortex releases aldoserone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kidney stones: some reasons why they form; what if stone is too large to pass through? |
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Definition
- some reasons why they form: increased calcium in urine, kidney infections, obstruction, altered pH of the urine
- can use ultrasound sound waves to crush the stones |
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Term
| Functions of ureters and urinary bladder |
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Definition
| transport and storage of urine |
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Term
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Definition
| like the gut, with a mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
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Term
| What prevents back flow of urine from bladder back up the ureter? |
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Definition
- the ureters penetrate bladder at an angle
- as more urine enters the bladder, it pushes outward against the wall
- this compresses the opening of the ureters so urine cannot flow backwards |
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Term
| Transitional epithelium in the ureter and urinary bladder |
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Definition
- based on how much urine is produced, the urinary organs will vary considerably in size and their epithelium must be able to adapt quickly
- cells can break and reform junctions as necessary |
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Term
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Definition
- contains the typical layers as well: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
- is lined by different types of epithelium along its length ranging from transitional epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
- is much shorter in females than males, making females much more susceptible to urinary tract infections: bacteria has a shorter way to go |
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Term
| What are the three parts of the urethra? |
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Definition
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra: surrounded by sk muscle of the urogenital diaphragm
3. Spongy urethra |
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Term
| How is urination controlled? |
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Definition
- sphincters
- internal urethral sphincter: sm muscle which can contract for long periods of time without fatiguing
- external urethral sphincter: sk muscle-- for voluntary control |
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