Term
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Definition
| carry blood away from heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood toward the heart |
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Term
| Three major types of vessels |
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Definition
| arteries, capillaries, veins |
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Term
| The layers in a typical blood vessel |
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Definition
- Tunica Intima: innermost layer; in contact with blood; has CT which attaches inner layer to muscular layer
- Tunica media: muscular layer; sm muscle; sheets of elastic tissue (think "lasagna"
- Tunica externa: outermost layer; CT; contains symp nerves |
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Term
| Special features of layers: Elastic artery (ex: aorta and its first branches) |
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Definition
- Tunica intima/interna: yes
- Tunica media: contains elastic sheets, thickest layer
- Tunica externa: yes |
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Term
| Special features of layers: Muscular arteries (most arteries) |
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Definition
Tunica interna: yes
Tunica media: sm muscle, very little elastic tissue
- tunica externa: yes |
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Term
| Special features of layers: Capillary (thinnest possible vessel) |
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Definition
| * tunica intima: the only layer! |
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Term
| Special features of layers: Vein |
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Definition
Tunica intima: forms valves
Tunica media: thin
Tunica externa: thickest layer |
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Term
| Atherosclerosis; definition and result in brain and heart |
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Definition
hardening of the arteries; plaque accumulates in the tunica intima
- Blood flow reduced:
in Brain -> Stroke
in Heart ->myocardial infarct (heart attack) |
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Term
| Which type of vessel is esp susceptible to atheroscerosis? Which of the three tunics is affected |
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Definition
arteries
tunic affected: tunica intima/interna |
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Term
| Due to high pressure, arteries are also subject to _______ (give def and tx) |
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Definition
aneurysm
def: rupture of blood vessels
- due to weakness in wall of vessel, ballooning of vessel
- Tx: graft to prevent rupture |
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Term
| How is blood flow through veins regulated? |
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Definition
- sk muscle contraction: muscle pump
* valves: only allow blood to flow in the correct dir. |
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Term
| What are varicose veins and why do they form? (Tx?) |
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Definition
- When the valves fail, the blood can pool in the veins
- This increased pressure causes the veins to enlarge
-Tx: catheter inserted, vein warmed and collapses |
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Term
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Definition
- sites of exchange
- where the exchange between the blood and body tissues occur
- vary in different parts of the body based on the amount of exchange
- consist of an epithelial layer and a basement membrane |
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Term
| Three types of capillaries |
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Definition
1. Continuous
2. Fenesterated
3. Sinusoidal (discontinuous) |
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Term
| Continuous capillaries-- where are they found? |
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Definition
- found where exchange must be tightly controlled
- nervous tissue, muscle |
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Term
| Fenesterated capillaries: description and where are they found? |
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Definition
- slightly leakier
- found where freer exchange is necessary: endocrine glands, kidneys |
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Term
| Sinusoidal (Discontinuous) |
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Definition
- Found where very free exchange occurs
- ex: spleen (immune sys), liver, lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| How is circulation through a capillary bed regulated? |
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Definition
Via sphincters
- relaxed: open (allow blood to enter capillary bed)
- contracted: closed (divert blood past the capillary bed) |
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Term
| Portal system (characteristics, where found, purpose?) |
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Definition
- a deviation of the normal way that blood flows
- instead: blood flows through two capillary beds before returning to the heart
- the capillary beds are connected by veins: heart -> artery -> capillary -> vein -> capillary -> vein -> heart
- substances enter the bloodstream at the primary capillary and exit at the secondary capillary bed
- 2 places where this is found: Pituitary Portal Sys and Hepatic portal system
- Purpose: control where we're going to distribute substances into blood stream |
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Term
| Pituitary Portal System: what happens at Primary and Secondary Capillary beds? |
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Definition
- Primary: releasing and inhibiting hormones enter the blood
- Secondary: Releasing and inhibiting hormones exit the blood; hormones of the pituitary gland enter the blood and are carried away by the vein |
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Term
| Hepatic Portal System: what happens and Primary and Secondary Portal system |
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Definition
Primary (stomach and intestines): nutrients and toxins enter the blood stream
- Secondary (in the liver): Nutrients and toxins exit the blood stream |
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Term
| Collateral Circulation: def, significance,do all areas of the body have collateral circulation? |
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Definition
- def: alternative pathways for delivering blood to a region of the body
- sig: if one vessel gets blocked, blood can still get to the region by an alternate route
- not all areas of body have it, but most do |
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Term
| Blood pressure: def; which vessel is commonly used to measure BP? |
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Definition
Pressure of blood against blood vessel wall: SBP/DBP; usually 120/80
- vessel: Brachial |
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Term
| Distinguish between systolic and diastolic pressure |
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Definition
- systolic: first sound you hear; period when ventricle contracts
- diastolic: smooth sound, relaxation of ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
- pressure in blood vessels is too hight
- consistently BP > 140/85
- "silent killer" |
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Term
| Branches of Aortic arch and what part of the body they supply |
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Definition
1. Common carotid: branches into Internal carotid (also, circle of Willis)- to the brain AND External carotid: to the neck and superficial head
2. Subclavian-- to the upper limb
-- vertebral (to the brain) {and circle of Willis]
-- axillary: to the upper limb
-- brachial
- radial
- ulnar |
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Term
| Branches of the descending aorta and what parts of the body they supply |
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Definition
1. Intercostal: to the thoracic wall)
2. Lumbar: to abdominal wall
3. Renal: to the kidneys
4. Celiac: to abdominal organs through half of the duodenum
5. Superior mesenteric: second half of the duodenum through the transverse colon
6. Inferior mesenteric: descending colon through sigmoid colon |
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Term
| Terminal branches of the Aorta: Iliac arteries |
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Definition
1. Internal iliac: to pelvic organs and the gluteal region
2. External iliac: to the lower limbs |
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Term
| Vessels in the lower limb |
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Definition
| - the external artery continues into the thigh: femoral, popliteal (post. knee), Post tibial (anterior leg), anterior tibial (anterior leg) |
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Term
| The urinary sys is one of four systems for removing wastes from the body. What are the other three? |
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Definition
| digestive, respiratory, and the skin |
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Term
| Four organs of the urinary sys |
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Definition
| kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra |
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Term
| Functions of the Urinary sys |
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Definition
- eliminates wastes from the body
- maintain homeostasis of body fluids: through this-> maintain blood pressure |
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Term
| Major functions of the kidneys (focus on first three, but there are four) |
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Definition
1. Filtration of the blood: removal of substances from the blood to form "filtrate"
2. Resorption: recovering substances from the filtrate and returning them to the blood
3. Secretion: adding substances that remain in the blood to the filtrate; secrete hormones
(4. Regulation of carbon dioxide and acid-base balance of body fluids) |
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Term
| Three major regions within the kidney |
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Definition
1. Cortex: outer layer
2. Medulla: inner layer
3. Pelvis: a duct |
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Term
| Internal anatomy of the kidney: cortex, medulla, renal pyramids, renal columns, minor calyx, major calyx, Renal pelvis |
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Definition
- Cortex: contains renal columns; filtration occurs here
- Medulla: contains renal pyramids; processing of filtrate happens here
- Minor calyx: receives urine from a renal pyramid
- minor calyxes come together to form major calyxes --> Renal pelvis |
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Term
| The kidney tubules are in the ____ and the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Functional units of the kidney; how many per kidney? |
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Definition
nephrons- tubular components of the kidney
~ 1 mil per kidney |
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Term
| What kind of capillaries are formed from the renal arteries? (continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous?) |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of the CO goes to the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood flow through the kidneys |
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Definition
- Renal artery sends branches between the renal pyramids
- Branches travel along the base of the pyramid then turn into the cortex |
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Term
| Afferent arteriole brings blood __ the capillary bed |
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Definition
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Term
| Efferent arteriole takes blood _____ from the capillary bed. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glomerulus (capillary bed) + Bowman's capsule (visceral + parietal layer) |
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Term
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Definition
- unique cells that form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
- slits between podocyte foot processes help regulate filtration of the blood |
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Term
| What are the three layers of the urinary filter? |
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Definition
1. Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus
2. Basement membrane
3. Podocyte filtration slits |
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Term
| Specifics of the urinary filter layers (filters based on ____?) |
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Definition
1. Fenestrated endothelium: filters based on size; formed elements cannot pass
2. Fused basement membranes: filters based on size and charge (molecules that are too negative cannot pass through)
3. Podocyte slits: filter based on size |
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Term
| Fluid in the urinary space of glomerular capsule |
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Definition
| first/original filtrate: immediately continues through PCT |
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Term
| How much (percentage) of the blood passes through the filter? Percent of the original filtrate that actually becomes urine? How much is resorbed? |
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Definition
- 20% of the blood passes through the filter
- only 1% of filtrate actually becomes urine
- 99% is resorbed
- other substances are secreted into the filtrate |
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