Term
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Definition
- Centers that control HR and respiration
- origin of CN IX-XII, except XI
- all 4 spinal cord pathways pass through |
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Term
| CN's that originate in the medulla and their major functions |
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Definition
IX: Glossopharyngeal -- tongue and throat
X. Vagus: Wanderer
XII, Hypoglossal---tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper motor neurons in the cortex stimulate lower motor neurons in the motor nuclei of the brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
- sits just posterior to the brainstem
- critical for coordinating motor activity, unconscious
- attached to the brainstem by cerebellar peduncles |
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Term
| Two major inputs to the cerebellum |
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Definition
1. Intended movement from the motor cortex: what the muscle is supposed to do when it contracts
2. What it actually did
--then the cerebellum compares the two inputs |
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Term
| Damage to the cerebellum results in ______ in-coordination (ipsilateral or contralateral) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Serves as a relay station where all diff kinds of sensory info comes and then the thalamus sends it to higher areas of the brain
- diff groups of cells handle diff types of sensory input
- dorsal columns and ALS synapse here
- almost all sensory info headed for the cerebral cortex passes through
* olfactory information goes directly to cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Thalamic projections: source of info and cerebral destination |
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Definition
Gen sensory ---> Primary sensory cortex, Parietal lobe
Retina---> Visual cortex, occipital lobe
Auditory---> Auditory cortex, Temporal lobe
Motor---> Motor cortex, Frontal lobe |
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Term
| Hypothalamus (basic functions) |
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Definition
* Homeostasis
- food, water, sleep
- ANS control
- Endocrine functions via pituitary gland
-food intake/body weight
- water intake/balance
- sleep/wake cycle |
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Term
| Cerebrum: 4 lobes and major functions |
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Definition
1. Frontal: Motor
2. Temporal: Auditory, memory
3. Parietal: Sensory
4. Occipital: Vision |
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Term
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Definition
* only in left hemisphere
- Broca's area:located in the motor cortex; helps you speak/verbally respond
- Wernicke's area: located in the sensory cortex; helps you take in speech/verbal communication (understanding) |
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Term
| Aphasia's: Wernike's and Broca's |
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Definition
Wernike's: "fluent aphasia", don't understand, but words flow
Broca's: "nonafluent aphasia", understand but can't respond well |
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Term
| Cortical tracts: three diff tracts that arise from the cerebrum, what do they accomplish? |
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Definition
1. Association: allow cortical areas within one hemisphere to communicate
2. Projection tracts: allow the cortex to communicate with lower areas
3. Commissural: allows the two hemispheres to communicate (ex: corpus callosum) |
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Term
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Definition
| - if the corpus callosum was cut, the right and left sides could not communicate |
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Term
| Split brain interpretation of the man/woman figure: women on left, man on right |
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Definition
- If asked to say what they see: they would answer a man b/c the speech centers are on the left side of the brain
- If asked to point with their left hand: They would answer a woman, because the right side of the brain controls the left hand |
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Term
| ANS: what are the two divisions? |
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Definition
1. Parasympathetic: "rest and digest"
2. Sympathetic: emergency, "fight or flight", crisis
*need two neurons to reach target: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic |
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Term
| Differences between ANS and Somatomotor innervation |
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Definition
- somatomotor: single neuron, innervates sk muscle
- ANS: two neurons, innervates cardiac, am muscle, and glands |
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Term
| Effect of denervation on sk muscles |
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Definition
| sk muscle can NEVER contract |
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Term
| Effect of denervated sm and cardiac muscle |
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Definition
- cardiac: can still contract due to pacemaker cells
---> innervation changes the rate of contraction |
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Term
| Parasymp: Craniosacral; which CN's have parasym functions? |
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Definition
| -preganglionic cell bodies in the brain stem with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X |
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Term
| Parasypm: where are preganglionic bodies in the sacral spinal cord levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasymp function of CN III (Oculomotor) |
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Definition
- causes the sphincter muscle of the iris to contract, so the pupil constricts
- this occurs when we are in bright conditions
- also, affects shape of lens, causes contraction of ciliary bodies which allows you to focus on near-by objects |
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Term
| Parasymp functions of CN VII and IX |
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Definition
- work together to innervate the salivary glands
- CN VII also innervates the lacrimal gland, which produces tears |
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Term
| Parasymp functions of CN X (vagus nerve) |
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Definition
- Innervates targets in head, neck, thorax, and abdomen, through the transverse colon
- effects: reduces HR, stimulates secretions of digestive glands, stimulates contraction of sm muscle in the wall of the gut |
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Term
| Where are visceromotor cell bodies located in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- preganglionic cell bodies located in the lateral horn at sacral spinal levels S2-S4
- exit the ventral root
- branch off from ventral rami and form pelvic splanchnic nerves
- innervates some abdominal and many pelvic organs, remainder of intestines |
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Term
| Symp nervous sys, where are preganglion cell bodies found? |
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Definition
| lateral horn from T1 to L2 |
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Term
| Symp nervous sys: Where are postganglion fibers found? |
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Definition
| chain ganglia or collateral ganglia |
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Term
| Symp nervous sys: What do they travel on (3) for what diff targets? |
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Definition
1. Spinal nerves (vessels, sweat glands and hair follicles)
2. Splanchnic nerves (internal organs)
3. Blood vessels (targets in the brain) |
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Term
| What is the symp chain (trunk)? |
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Definition
| a string of ganglia running vertically next to spinal cord, next to vertebral bodies - contains post-ganglionc cell bodies in ganglia - distributes symp fibers to viscera and skin - continues above T1 and below L2 |
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Term
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Definition
| postganglionic fibers, nogt myelinated, go back to follow spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| contain preganglionic fibers, myelinated |
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Term
| Path of sympathetics to body wall/skin |
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Definition
- preganglionics come from T1-L2, enter the chain through white communicating ramus and synapse in the chain
- postganglionics leave the chain through a gray communication ramus and rejoin the spinal nerve |
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Term
| Path of sympathetics to the head |
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Definition
- preganglionics enter the chain and ascend to the uppermost ganglion
- they synapse and travel to targets by following blood vessels |
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Term
| Symp pathway to internal organs |
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Definition
- preganglionics enter chain through white communicating ramus and exit through a splanchnic nerve
- these fibers synapse on postganglionic cell bodies in a collateral ganglion |
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla: secretion is stimulated by sympathetics |
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Definition
- there is only ONE neuron involved, this is special
- preganglionic neurons synapse directly on secretory cells in the adrenal medulla, which release Epi and NR into the bloodstream
*good in a crisis: systemic symp response --> entire body responds |
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Term
| Visceral afferents--travel with symp and parasymp fibers, but are not truly part of ANS: Function? |
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Definition
| reflexes and pain sensation |
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Term
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Definition
- pain from an internal organ is perceived in the skin
- common example: pain due to a heart attack felt in the arm and forearm
- the result of two diff sensory fibers coming in at the same level (visceral and somatosensory) |
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Term
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Definition
- detected at very specific locations of the body, not widely distributed
- olfaction, vision, taste, balance and hearing
- two response to chemicals dissolved in liquid: taste and olfaction |
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Term
| Where are taste buds found? |
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Definition
| In papillae (bumps) found on the surface of the tongue |
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Term
| Taste Bud cells: receptor cells and basal cells |
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Definition
- receptor cells: detect dissolved molecules
- basal cells: primitive cells that replace dying/dead cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sweet
2. Salty
3. Sour
4. Bitter
5. Savory (ex: meat)
* not localized, that are distributed all over the tongue |
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Term
| What 3 CN's carry taste from the tongue? |
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Definition
1. CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
2. CN VII (Facial)
3. CN X (Vagus) |
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Term
| What nerve is most imp for taste on anterior, posterior, and extreme posterior & epiglottis |
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Definition
anterior: Facial
posterior: Glossopharyngeal
extreme posterior and epiglottis: Vagus |
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Term
| Pathway of taste sensation (tongue to reaching consciousness) |
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Definition
| tongue --> nucleus in medulla --> thalamus --> Gustory (taste) cortex in Parietal lobe |
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Term
| Olfaction: receptors are in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory cells all together form: |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory epithelium contains: |
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Definition
| olfactory cells, basal cells, supporting cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- odor molecules are trapped in mucus and detected by olfactory hairs
- this leads to an AP in olfactory cells
- the axons pass through holes in ethmoid bone to reach olfactory bulb where they synapse
- with a significant blow to the head, these axons can tear, destroying the sense of smell: anosmosia |
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Term
| What lobe of the cerebrum receives olfactory info for conscious awareness? |
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Definition
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