• Ingestion
• Propulsion
• MEchanical Digestion( chewing)
• Chemical Digestion(enzymes)
• Absorption
• Defecation

• Liver
• Teeth
• gall bladder
• tongue
• salivary gland
• pancreas

• Colon
• small intestine
• stomach
• esophagus
• pharynx
• mouth
• anus

digestive

accesory

• Visceral peritoneum is located on outside of organs
• Pariteal peritoneum is located on the diaphram and inside of obliques

• secretions
• absorption
• motility
• digestion

• mucosa
• submucosa
• muscularis externa
• serosa(visceral peritoneum)

Plica

villi

microvilli?

• plica are the loops that come off the intestinal wall to increase SA.
• Villi are small invaginations on the plica.
• microvilli are even samller invaginations on the villi

• glands, folded into plicae: Lamina propria w/ blood vessels and sensory endings
• dense irregular CT, exocrine glands, submucosal plexus w/ symp. fibers
• smooth muscle

Phasic contractions?

Tonic Contractions?

• waves of contraction triggered by pacesetter cells in smooth muscle
• halting motion produced by sphincters

Peristalsis?

segmentation?

• movement through intestine intestine in sections.  contraction of circular SM behind mass, and contration of longitudinal SM in front of mass
• responsible for mixing food.  No net forward movement.

multi-unit or

single-unit Smooth muscle.

Force of contraction for SM is dependent on?

• multiunit  is SM cells connected together by ANS
• single unit fire independently
• Ca2+ concentration

How is motility and secretion by the enteric nervous system regulated?

short reflex?

long reflex?

• It is regulated either by the long reflex which involves the CNS stimulated by sight, smell or taste
• It is also regulated by the short reflex which goes from the chemoreceptors to the enteric plexus to secretory glands

1. Hormonal
2. local factors
3. neural control

2 types of salivary gland cells?

What viscosity of saliva do they produce?

1. Mucous- thick
2. serous- thin

oral phase

pharyngeal phase

esophageal phase

What happens pharyngeal phase?

esophageal phase?

• automatic response that closes glottis and food is pushed down to end of esophagus
• food is pushed through the cardiac sphincter in an active process

antrum

chyme

• fatty foods and large meals
• nutritious small meals

intraduodenal saline does?

intraduodenal triglycerides do?

1.  activates the stomach because there are no fats or carbs
2. makes stomach activation stop becuase duodenum has plenty of fats

1. parietal cells
2. chief cells
3. G cells

• secretes acid into the body to change pepsinogen to pepsin
• also secretes intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 formation

• produces pepsinogen which is activated to pepsin by acid.
• pepsin is then a major factor in protein digestion

• secretes GAstrin
• Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells to secrete acid
• peptides and AA's promote gastrin formation.

• Produces somatostatin which inhibits production of gastrin
• Also inhibits Acid secretion by parietal cells
  

• Excess acid
• lack of peptides and AA's
• and somatostatin secretion

• stimulates Acid secretion
• Stimulates ECL cell increasing histamine production which increases acid secretion

• Cephalic- in the brain
• gastric - in the stomach
• intestinal - in the duodenum low ph

Increase in secretin causes... in the pancreas

increase in CCK causes.... in the pancreas

• bicarbonate release
• enzyme secretion

• because it is specific to the stomachs pH level

• produced in liver
• stored in gall bladder
• digests fats in intestines

• bile salts coat fat droplets to create emulsions and micelles

Liver sinusoids?

Kuppfer cells?

hepatocytes?

• large leaky capillaries
• remove old RBC's and bacteria
• produce bile, detoxify blood, store vitamins

hepatitis?

cirrhosis?

• inflamation of the liver due to a Virus
• chronic inflammation caused by alcohol or chronic hepatitis. scar tissue regenerates faster than hepatocytes

Hydronephrosis is?

caused by?

too much water in kidneys

caused by jolting

• Glomerulus
• medullary pyramid
• area of kidney infection, 2 or 3 major calyces

pyelitis?

pyelonephritis?

• infection of renal pelvis only
• infection of entire kidney

1. renal artery to segmental arteries
2. interlobar arts
3. arcuate arts
4. interlobular arts
5. afferent arterioles
6. nephrons
7. venules
8. interlobular veins
9. arcuate veins
10. interlobar veins
11. renal vein

• network of sympathetic fibers and ganglia in the kidneys that cause vasoconstriction of vasodilation to regulate renal blood flow

What is a nephron?

glomerulus?

• the functional unit of filtration in the kidney
• tuft of capillaries located in cortex

1. glomerulus
2. bowmans capsule

visceral layer of capsule membrane?

parietal layer of capusle membrane?

• on capillary
• on inside of capsule

tubule that exits the glomerulus?

tube that goes down into the medulla and back up?

tube that returns close to renal hilus?

duct that takes urine to the ureters?

• proximal tubule
• loop of henle
• distal tubule
• collecting duct

proximal tubule

distal tubule

loop of henle

collecting duct

• cortical nephrons- loop barely dips into medulla
• juxtamedullary nephrons - loop goes deep into medulla

• juxtaglomerular cells - mechanoreceptors that respond to BP in afferent arterioles
• macula densa - chemoreceptors that respond to solute content in distal tubule

1. fenestrated capillary membrane
2. basement membrane
3. filtration slits of pedicels

how much protein in glomerular filtrate?

plasma?

0.03%

7%

what happens if flow is too rapid?

what happens if its too slow?

• not enough essential ions and water will be reabsorbed in the blood
• too much wastes and water are reabsorbed

• smooth muscle contracts as it is stretched from an increase in MAP.
• afferent arterioles vasoconstrict
• reduces the amount of blood to downstream kidney
• reduces kidney BP

tubuloglomerular feedback is controlled by ... cells?  located in?

they release what?

what do they cause?

macula densa cells in distal tubule

they release paracrine chemicals that cause vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

• renin angiostensin mechanism -JG cells release renin when not stretched sufficiently. increases GFR
• sympathetic NS vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

Aldosterone causes?

released from?

• increase in Na+ and water reabsorption
• increase in Blood Volume
• increase in BP

Adrenal cortex

Anuria is?

results from?

• abnormally low urine output
• results from low glomerular BP

• glomerular filtration
• tubular reabsorption
• tubular secretion
• concentration

reclaims useful solutes like Na, glucose and AA's

also reclaims fluids

is Na reabsorption active or passive?

3 membranes?

• active
• luminal - strong electrochemical gradient
• basolateral - Active transport 3 Na and 2 K w/ need of ATP
• peritubular cap endothelium

• the maximum amount of solute that can be reabsorbed into body

• every solute has one

positively charged Na and K create a electrochemical gradient that passively allows movement of Cl and HCO3.

Obligatory water reabsorption

• glucose, AAs, ions, vitamins, lipid soluble substances.
• most active reabsorbing cells
• Secretes wastes like urea, uric acid, creatinine
• regulates pH of body by secreting H+ and HCO3

conservation of water

ascending - movement of water out, not solute

descending - movement of solute out, not water

• water and salt
• to regulate Blood volume and BP
• Aldosterone - produced in adrenal cortex because of low blood Na or high K or low BP. causes reabsorption of Na and secretion of K, increases Blood volume and BP
• ANF - inhibits water and Na reabsorption - lowers BP and volume