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| Nerve cells that conduct impulses |
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| Specialized connective tissue cells that support, protect and hold together neurons. |
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| Single elongated projection from a nerve cell body that transmits impulses away from cell body. |
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| Branching projections from the nerve cell body that carry signals to the cell body |
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| Outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell, essential to regeneration of injured Axons. |
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| White, fatty insulating substance formed by Schwann cells, surrounds some Axons. |
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| Cell creates myelin in CNS, fatty insulator |
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| Cell creates myelin in PNS |
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| Small gaps between segments of the myelin sheath |
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS) |
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| Conducts sensory signals to CNS |
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| Conduct motor signals away from the CNS |
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| Difference between positive and negative charged neuron |
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| A stimulus such as pressure, light, temperature or chemical change...results in charge of one segment of the neuron |
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| Different charges between outside & inside membrane or positive/negative charge |
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| Brief period after inhibation when the neuron recovers |
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| Spce or junction between two neurons or a neuron and an effector organ |
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| The actual space in the synapse |
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| The neuron sending the signal (before the synapse) |
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| The neuron or muscle fiber receiving the signal (after synapse) |
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| Stimulates skeletal muscles and acts primarily on the parasympathetic nervous system |
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(aka; Adrenaline) Can be or inhibitor, depending on type of receptor bound
Found in CNS
(fight or flight) |
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Can excite or inhibit & found in CNS.
Causes constriction of skeletal blood vessels, involved in emotional responses "feel good" neurotransmitter |
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Generally excitatory. Found in brain and ANS
Emotions, moods & regulation of motor control |
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| Stimulant, released by mast cells as part of inflammatory process |
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| Usually works as inhibitor in the CNS. Synthesized into melatonin, affects biologic cycles, sleep & moods. |
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| ENDORPHINES & ENKEPHALINS |
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| Endogenous morphines block the brain from feeling pain. Inhibitory & found in CNS, retina & intestinal tract |
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| Excitatory & found in brain, spinal cord, gastrointestinal tract. Transmits pain information |
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| Unmyelinated nervous tissue, particularly that found in the CNS |
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| Myelinated nerve fibers, particularly those found in brain and spinal tissue |
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| Small collections of gray matter that assist in coordination |
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| Largest of brain divisions in uppermost region of cranium. Past memories & motor response |
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| Thin layer of matter that is gray because of dendrites, contains folds |
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| Gyri folds separated by creases |
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| Divides cerebrum into left/right hemispheres |
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| AKA, Fissure of Rolondo, separates frontal & parietal lobes |
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| Located underneath gray matter. Function to connect left/right hemispheres |
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| Located in the interior of cerebrum, importsant in emotional responses; fear, rage & pleasure |
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Lobe: Anterior cerebrum
Personality, intellect & cognition and motor skills |
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| Manage motor control of muscles |
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| Part of Frontal Lobe. Controls speech |
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| Lobe: Next to parietal bones, contains post-central gyrus. Receives and evaluates sensory info; temp, pressure, touch, taste, pain |
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| Primary sensory area of brain. Part of Parietal Lobe |
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Lobe: Next to temporal bone.
Hearing and smell |
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| Part of Temporal Lobe. Understanding language |
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Lobe: Anterior to occipital bone.
Mechanical control; eyesight |
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| 5th Lobe: Under lateral fissure. Limbic system, gives us feeling of what is real, true, important |
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| INTEGRATIVE OR ASSOCIATIVE FUNCTIONS OF CORTEX |
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| Include all activities that occur in cerebrum after sensory signals received, before motor responses sent |
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| Primitive portion of brain that contains centers for vital functions & reflex actions; vomiting, coughing, sneezing, posture |
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"mesencephalon"
Contains reflex centers for visual and auditory stimuli & correlates info about muscle tone & posture |
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Middle of brain stem, between brainstem and medulla.
Breathing, eye movement, facial expressions, REM |
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| Connects pons w/spinal cord |
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| Found between the cerebrum and midbrain and contains the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Body |
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| Created from gray matter of nerve cell bodies deep in white matter of cortex. Relay station from sense organs of cerebrum |
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| Below Thalamus and above Pituitary gland. Regulates functions such as Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Appetite, Pleasure, Temp, ANS function |
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Gland: Found on Dorsal side of diencephalon
(hormone=melatonin) |
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| Structural and functional part of brainstem. Maintains arousal levels in cerebral cortex and alerts changes in homeostasis |
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| 2nd largest part of the brain. Involved with balance, posture, coordination and movement |
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| 4 fluid-filled chambers in brain; 1 in each cerebral hemisphere |
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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
(CSF) |
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| Fills 4 ventricles. Flows throughout the brain & spinal cord, provides cushioning and protection |
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Brain & spinal column protected by 3 membranes called Meninges.
Dura Mater=outermost
Arachnoid Mater=2nd layer
Pia Mater=3rd layer |
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Outermost meninges layer.
White, tough, fibrous connective membrane
(tough mother) |
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2nd layer meninges.
Cobweb like, containing many blood vessels |
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3rd layer meninges. Thin & adheres directly to spinal cord & brain
(delicate mother) |
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| Found between skull & Dura Mater. Contains fatty connective tissue |
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| Found between Dura Mater & arachnoid membrane. Filled with cushioning serous fluid |
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| Found between arachnoid and pia mater. Contains CSF |
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| Opening in the base of the skull. Spinal cord passes though from brain stem |
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| 31 pairs (segments); 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
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| Section of spinal cord that corresponds to a single pair of spinal nerves |
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| CONUS MEDULARIS/FILUM TERMINALE |
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| Terminal end of spinal cord |
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Spinal and lower lumbar nerves
(horse tail) |
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| "Sensory Root" - 1 of 2 roots attached to the spinal cord |
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"Motor Root" - 2 of 2 roots attached to the spinal cord
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| Pathways of White Matter on the outside of the spinal cord |
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| Conduct sensory impulses such as pain, touch and temperature UP to the brain |
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| Conduct motor impulses from the brain DOWN the cord to the spinal nerves |
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