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| (mass analyte / total mass) x 100 |
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mg / L
(mass analyte / mass tot soln) x 10^6 |
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| (mass analyte / mass tot soln) x 10^9 |
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g / L
(mass analyte / mass tot soln) x 10^3 |
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| indicies of refraction cause a solution to look oily if it is not well mixed |
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| Systematic Errors (Determinate) |
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| Random Errors (Indeterminate |
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how close to the correct value
(error) |
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how consistent you are
(deviation) |
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| actual error/ actual value |
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| √ {[∑(x – mean)^2] / N-1} |
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Term
aA + bB --> cC + dD
Find Keq |
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Definition
| [C]^c x [D]^d / [A]^a x [B]^b |
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Term
Combine
H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3- Keq1
HCO3- --> H+ + CO32- Keq2 |
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Definition
H2CO3--> 2H+ + CO3 2-
Keq = (Keq1)(Keq2) |
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Reverse:
H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-
Keq1 = 4.45x10^-7
Keq = (Keq1)(Keq2) |
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Definition
HCO3- + H+ --> H2CO3
Keq= 1/Keq1 = 2.25x10^6 |
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Definition
| smaller Ksp precipitates first |
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| a salt will be less soluble if one of its constituent ions is already present in the solution |
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Term
Acids and Bases
Arrhenius
Bronsted-Lowry
Lews |
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Definition
H+ and OH-
H+ donar and H+ acceptor
e- acceptor and e- donar |
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HOAc
Carboxylic Acids
HF
H2S
H3PO4
H2CO3 |
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Find Kb
NH3 + H2O --> NH4+ + OH- |
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| Kb = [NH4+]x[OH-] / [NH3] |
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Term
Kjeldalhl For N
(volumetric) |
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Definition
-sample placed in boiling H2SO4--> NH4+ + CO2 + H2O
-add excess base to convert NH4+ --> NH3
-distill the NH3 into a known conc. of HCl (some of the HCl will be neutralized, but not all)
-titrate the excess HCl with NaOH
-the difference in moles correlates to the moles of NH3 consumed |
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| observed in lab --> color change |
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| What is the equivalence point? |
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Definition
| mol of titrant = mol of anlayte |
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Definition
1/2 ∑CnZn^2 = µ
C=Concentration
Z=Charge |
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Definition
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Debye- Huckle Equation
(for calculating γ) |
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Definition
logγ = (-0.51 x z^2√µ) / (1 + {[α√µ]/305})
γ = activity coefficient
z = ion charge
µ = ionic strength in [M]
α = hydrated ionic raiums in ppm |
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Definition
(conc1/ dens1) = ( conc2/ dens2)
[M]( 1 ± coeff. of therm. expan)(∆ temp)= |
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| Comparing an answer with the accepted answer within a specified confidence limit of a small data set (replication of a measurement with one overall mean and standard deviation) |
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Definition
Use the Confidence Interval:
µ = [m ± (ts)] / √n
look up t value for whatever degrees of freedom your data has (df = n-1) |
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| Comparing two different methods to see whether they agree with each other within a specified confidence limit. Measuring a qunatity multiple times with different methods; each data set has its own mean and standard deviation. |
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Definition
tcalc = |m1-m2| / spooled
calculate this t and compare to a t value from the table |
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| Comparing whether 2 methods agree with each other when a sample is measured once by one method and then again by another. Then different sample is measured once by method 1 and once by method 2. This is repeated for n different samples |
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Definition
1.Standard Deviation of the differences:
sd=√( [∑ (di - d)^2] \ n-1 )
di=difference between two methods
d= mean of the differnces
2. tcalc=(|d|/sd) √ n |
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coefficient of variation
(relative standard deviation) |
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| Standard Error of the Mean |
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Definition
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