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| Collected by either displacement of water or downward delivery. To test it burn a light splint in it, it will make a squeaky pop |
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| Collected by displacement of water. To test it, put a glowing splint in it, it will relight |
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| Collected by downward delivery. To test, run through lime-water, it will turn cloudy |
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| Collected by upward delivery. to test put a damp red litmus paper in, it will turn blue |
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| Collected by downward delivery. To test but damp blue litmus paper in, it will turn red. |
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| To test for pure water, the boiling point should be 100*C and the freezing point should be 0*C. To test it will turn cobalt chloride paper pink and will turn white anhydrous copper sulfate blue |
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| Are called cat ions and are formed by metals or ammonium. E.g. Na+ |
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| Are called anions and are formed by the non metal part. E.g.Cl- |
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Clean a wire (platinum or nichrome)
Do this by dipping it in acid and then into a Bunsen flame until there is no colour
Moisten the wire with acid and dip into a small amount of solid.
Then place the wire containing the solid into the flame and note the colour. |
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| Cation flame test colours |
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Lithium Li+ Red(Crimson)
Sodium Na+ Strong orange(golden yellow)
Potassium Lilac(pink)
Calcium Ca 2+ Orange-red(brick-red) |
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| Sodium hydroxide solution can be used to test for iron(II)Fe2+, iron(III)Fe3+, copper(II)Cu2+, and ammonium NH4+. |
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| Sodium Hydroxide Cation Precipitates |
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Iron(II)Fe2+ Green Fe(OH)2(s)
Iron(III)Fe3+ Brown Fe(OH3)(s)
Copper(II)Cu2+ Blue Cu(OH)2(s) |
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Fe2(aq) + 2OH-(aq)----->Fe(OH)2(S)
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)----->Fe(OH)3(s)
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)----->Cu(OH)2(s) |
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| Heat the powder in a closed test tube with a bung and side arm delivery tube. Fill another test tube with limewater and connect to the delivery tube if the substance is an ion CO2 will be produced causing the limewater to go cloudy. |
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Test- To test for the presence of any carbonate, simply add an acid (e.g. HCl)
Result- If a carbonate is present it will fizz(effervesce) as CO2 is produced |
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| Testing for sulfate ions using Barium Chloride |
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Test- To the suspected sulfate in solution
a) add dilute hydrochloric acid
b)add barium chloride solution
Result- if a sulfate is present we get a white precipitate
This precipitate is solid barium sulphate |
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| Testing for chlorideCl-,BromideBr- and iodideI- using silver nitrate |
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Test- To the suspecteed Halide in solution:
a) add dilute nitric acid
b)add silver nitrate solution
Result- If a hlide is present we get a precipitate. |
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Cl- AgCl(Silver Chloride) White
Br- AgBr(Silver Bromide) Off-White
I- AgI(Silver Iodide) Yellow |
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