Cranial Nerves - motor division of PNS

1) Somatic fibers connecting the brain to the skin and skeletal muscle fibers

2) Autonomic (Viscermotor) fibers connecting the brain to the viscera

1) somatic fibers connecting the spinal cord to the skin and skeletal muscles

2) autonomic (viscermotor) fibers connecting the spinal cord to the viscera

1) Sympathetic - thoracolmbar

2) Parasympathetic - cranio-sacral

3) the PNS

ANS nerve cell bodies are found in the CNS: 1 and 2

-processes of these cells form "nerves" and they are found in 3

-nerve impulses (signals) are brough together

-perception, memory, thought, intelligence, instinctual behavior

-coordinate and control all body activites using motor systems

-supporting cells of the neuron

-act as physiological enviornment controllers as well as the connective tissue (CT) of the CNS

found filling the majority of the neuron cell body

-membranous sacs of rER and associated free ribosomes

the entryway into the axon

-acts as a funnel for cytoskeletal elements (neurotubules and neurofilaments) entering the axos thus keeping Nissle substance out

very large and well developed

-produces synaptic (neurotransmitter) vesicles

-site of membrane recycling

Cytoskeletal (structural) elements

-can be myelinated

-contain lots of nerofilaments

-function in conducting/transmitting the AP away from cell body towards target organ

-small bumps on dendrites surface

-sites of axo-dendritic synapses

-found in organs of special sense

-olfactory epithelium (nose-smell) and retina of the eye (sight)

-large star-shaped (stellate) cells, characterisitc of motor neurons

-contain only one axon and numerous dendrites

originally bipolar, but process fused during development to form single process (central (axon) and peripheral (dendrite) processes)

-found in dorsal root ganglia

-found in the PNS (dorsal root/spinal) ganglia (pseudounipolar neurons)

-take sensory stimuli from the perophery into the CNS (brain or spinal cord)

multipolar neurons

-relay the sensory message either up or down the spinal cord for interpretation

-confined to CNS

-multipolar neurons

-take the action message from the CNS to the effector organ (muscles or glands)

In CNS, a single (1) myelinates a single portion of numerous neuronal processes

-each cytoplasmic process contacs a neuronal process and wraps one internode

myelinate fibers but may also support them in an unmyelinated state

-only associated with the nerve cell processes

support the cell body of a neuron in a ganglion of the PNS

-only assocaited with the neuron cell body

-do not propagate nerve impulses

-maintain the chemical enviornment necessary for nerve function

-secrete neurotrophic factors

-form scar tissue after injury

-form brain tumors

-all are capable of mitosis

-structural support b/w capillaries and neurons

-form blood-brain barrier

-monitor and control extracellular enviornment in the CNS

-CNS myelin forming cells

-guide development of neurons

-phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris

-protective cells doing the job of macrophages in the PNS

-columnar-like cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

-assocaited with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

1) Dura mater (tough mother)

2) Arachnoid membrane (spider-like)

3) Pia mater (delicate mother)

Dura mater

1) periosteal layer 2) meningeal layer

-outermost and toughest meninge CT

-double layered membrane (1 and 2)

periosteal layer (dura mater)

1) epidural hematoma

-attached to bone of skull

-trauma may cause bleeding b/w bone and dura = 1

-delicate, non-vascular layer b/w the dura mater and pia mater

-exhibits spider web-like extensions that cross the subarachnoid space

evaginations of aracnoid into a dural (venous) sinus

-one-way flow (escape) of CSF from subarachnoid space into venous blood in the dural sinus

-commonly found inserting into the superior sagittal sinus

delicate, highly vascularized layer that is intimately applied to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

-connected to arachnoid by the web-like trabeculae

interconnected cavities of brain located deep within that are continuous with the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord

-all filled with CSF

1) lateral ventrivles (1st and 2nd)

2) interventricular foramen

3) third ventricle

4) fourth ventricle

-left lateral aperture

-right lateral aperture

-median aperture

-secretes CSF (500 ml/day)

-specialized tufts of pia mater and their underlying capillaries

-CNS components (brain and spinal cord) 'float' weightlessly

-supports these structures and prevents brain from crushing the spinal cord

-fluid buffer (shocl absorber) for protection when you bump your head

-pathway for wastes

-diffusion medium for nutrients/drugs

venous channels formed by the separation of the periosteal dura from the meningeal dura mater

-some venous channels are formed within the meningeal layer of the dura ONLY

1) venous sinuses

2) dural fold

-anterior opening in the tentorium cerebelli that through which the brainstem passes

-not a dural fold

located in the superior border of the flax cerebri

located b/w the periosteal and meningeal dura

located on the inferior edge of the flax cerebri

-contained in the meningeal dural ONLY

lead from the confluens of the sinuses toward the sigmoid sinuses

-located b/w the periodteal and meningeal dura

lead inferiorly from the transverse sinuses down to the internal jugular veins at the jugular foramen

-located b/w the periosteal and meningeal dura

reveives the blood from the sigmoid sinus

-drains venous blood back to the brachiocephalic vein and into the superior vena cava

1) vertebral arteries

2) internal carotid arteries

sensory and motor functions

-higher memory, reasoning

1) bumps (gyri)

2) grooves (sulci)

1) Association tracts

2) Commissural tracts

3) Projection tracts

lobe controls voluntary motor control

-voluntary control of skeletal muscle

-personality

-higher intellectual processes (concentration, planning, and decision making)

-cutaneous and muscular sensations

-understanding speech

-formulating words to express yourself

-interpretation of auditory sensations

-storing (memory) auditory and visual experiences

-integrates movement in focusing eye

-conscious perception of vision

-regulates hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland

-thermoregulation

-circadian rhythms

-autonomic effects (flight-or fight)

-food and water intake

-contains large pyramidal neurons

-the fibers cross during descent in the area of the medulla (located in brainstem)

-controls skilled, voluntary movements of the limb and trunk

-coordinates tongue, lips, and larynx

-involved in ability to pre-plan all movements then send them back to primary and premotor cortex

-controls voluntary movements of the eye

-damage causes loss of ability to look towards an object

-located along the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

-involved with conscious awareness of general somatic senses (touch, pain, etc)

-located in the parietal love just posterior to the postcentral gyrus

-integrates different sensory inputs (touch, pressure, etc) into a comprehensice evaluation of what is being felt

-located in occipital cortex

-damage here results in functional blindness = no conscious awareness of what eye has viewed

-covers most of the occipital lobe of cerebrum

-interprets and evaluates visual stimuli, relating them to past visual experiences

-Damage here results in the inability to understand what you are seeing

receives olfactory stimuli from CNI (olfactory tact)

-responsible for the conscious awareness of smell

-cardiac and respiratory centers

-decussation (crossing) of the pyramids (corticospinal tracts), as well as all of the rest of the ascending and descending tracts

-a horizontally oriented dural fold that keeps the cerebrum from crushing the underlying cerebellum

-covers cerebellum

1) maintain posture and balance

2) maintain muscle tone

3) coordinate voluntary muscle activity; reflex center for position of body

1) 31

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

there are (1) segments to the spinal cord, each of which gives rise a pair of spinal nerves (right and left)

(2) # and name descending

1) cervival enlargement (C5-T1)

2) lumbar enlargement (L1-S5)

1) conus medullaris

2) L1/L2

gray commissure

1) central canal

conduct impulses up/down

center for reflexes

1) dorsal root

2) ventral root

3) intervertebral foramen

1) dorsal ramus

2) ventral ramus

1) motor fibers

2) outgoing route (efferent)

1) T2-T12

2) dorsal ramus

3) ventral ramus

1) lateral cutaneuous branch

2) anterior cutaneous branch

-follows the path of a dermatome

-virus lies dormant in the spinal nerve

-may be induced by stress etc.

1) ventral rami

2) plexus (web)

1) cervical plexus (C1-C4)

2) brachial plexus (C5-T1)

3) lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)

-musculocutaneous n.

-axillary n.

-radial n.

-median n.

-ulnar n.

Sciatic nerve (common fibular n. and tibial n.)

pudendal n.

motor only (exclusively efferent)

sensory only (exclusively afferent)

mixed (contain both motor and sensory)

1) somatic (CNS to skin and skeletal muscle; conscious)

2) autonomic (CNS to viscera; unconscious)

1) parasympathetic ganglia

2) "intramural" ganglia

1) 12

2) CN I

3) CN XII

2 divisions of trigeminal nerve (purely sensory)

1) ophthalmic division (V1)

2) maxillary division (V2)

1 division of trigeminal nerve (motor and sensory mixed)

3) mandibular division (V3)

-1) Olfactory (CN I)

-2) Optic (CN II)

-3) 2 divisions of Trigeminal (CN V)

V1 ophthalmic division

V2 maxillary division

-4) Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

-1) Trochlear (CN IV)

2) Abducens (CN VI)

-3) Accessory (CN XI)

-4) Hypoglossal (CN XII)

1 division of trigeminal (CN V)

-mandibular division (V3)

-1) Facial (CN VII)

-2) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

-3) Vagus (CN X)

olfactory Nerve (CN I)

1) sensory

Cranial nerve that arises from the superior portion of the nasal cavity and synapses in the olfactory bulb located on the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

Modality = 1

1) bipolar olfactory neurons

2) bipolar neuron

3) olfactory bulb

Optic Nerve (CN II)

1) visual cortex

2) cerebrum

3) sensory

cranial nerve that conveys information about visual stimuli and transmits it to the 1 in the 2

Modality = 3

Occulomotor Nerve (CN III)

1) superior rectus

2) inferior rectus

3) medial rectus

4) inferior oblique

5) ciliary muscle

6) sphincter pupillae muscle

cranial nerve that:

1) Motor = innervates 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles (voluntary muscles) in the eye (1-4)

2) Parasympathetic = innvervates the smooth muscles of the 5 and 6

Parasympathetic component of Occulomotor nerve (CN III)

1) ciliary muscle

2) sphincter pupillae muscle

1) assist the eye in lens accommodation (adjusting the size of the lens for near/distant objects)

2) constrict the pupil to decrease the amount of light entering the eye

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

1) superior oblique

2) brainstem

3) motor

Cranial nerve that innervates one extraocular muscle, the 1, which moves the eye downward and away from the midline (abduction)

-arises from the posterior portion of the 2

modality = 3

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

1) V1 - ophthalmic division (sensory)

2) V2 - maxillary division (sensory)

3) V3 - mandibular division (sensory and motor)

1) Mandibular division V3 (CN V trigeminal nerve)

2) temporalis

3) medial pterygoid

4) lateral pterygoid

5) masseter

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

1) Lateral rectus

2) motor

cranial nerve that innervates one extraocular muscle, the 1, which moves the eye laterally

modality = 2

1) lateral rectus

2) medial rectus

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

1) ear

2) parotid gland

3) temporal

4) zygomatic

5) Buccal

6) mandibular

7) cervical

Cranial nerve that exhibits

1) Sensory: taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

2) Parasympathetic: innervation to the submandibular/sublingual gands, the lacrimal gland, and to general glands in the oral and nasal cavity

3) motor: muscles of facial expression. motor branches exit the skull behind the 1 and travel through the 2 before branching into (3-7) muscles

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

1) sensory

Cranial nerve that provides special sense of balance (vestibule and semicircular canals) and hearing (cochlea)

Modality = 1

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

1) pharynx

2) tongue

3) carotid sinus

Cranial nerve that exhibits:

1) motor: stylopharyngeus attaches to the styloid process and the back of the pharynx

2) Sensory: sensation to the back of the 1; taste to the posterior 1/3 2; sensory to 3 (detects changes in blood pressure)

3) Parasympathetic: innervation of the parotid gland

Cranial nerve that exhibits:

1) Motor: muscles of the pharynx and larynx

2) Sensory: taste sensations (@ back of throat); external ear; larynx; organs in the thoracic and abdomen

3) parasympathetic: to smooth muscles of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

1) Motor

Cranial Nerve that innervates the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius.

Modality = 1

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

1) motor

cranial nerve that innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. It produces small movements of the tounge needed in speech production, swallowing, and movement of food.

modality = 1

sympathetic division (stimulatory)

1) thoracolumbar

parasympathetic division (inhibitory)

1) Carniosacral

1) vasoconstricts

2) inhibition of secretion (expect sweat glands)

3) decrease peristalsis

4) stimulates increase in heart rate and force of beat

5) bronchodilates

6) constriction of sphincters

7) inhibits bladder emptying

8) ejaculation

9) dialation of puplis

Sympathetic NS affects..

1) blood vessels

2) glands

3) peristalsis

4) heart

5) lungs

6) sphincters

7) micturation

8) genitalia

9) puplis

1) vasodilates blood vessels

2) stimulation of gland secretion

3) increase peristalsis

4) decreases heart rate and force of beat

5) bronchoconstricts lungs

6) relaxation of sphincters

7) stimulates bladder emptying

8) erection

9) constriction of pupils

Parasympathetic division of ANS affects..

 1) blood vessels

2) glands

3) peristalsis

4) heart

5) lungs

6) sphincters

7) micturation

8) genitalia

9) puplis

1) intermediolateral horns (IML)

2) T1-L2

3) autonomic ganglia

4) postganglionic fibers

5) parasympathetic fibers

1) brain stem

2) spinal cord levels S2-S4

3) intramural or terminal ganglion

4) preganglionic fibers

5) postganglionic fibers

1) sympathetic trunk (paravertebral)

2) prevertebral (collateral)

3) intramural (terminal)

1) sympathetic trunk (paravertebral)

2) prevertebral (collateral)

3) Intramural (terminal)

Sympathetic division of ANS uses 1 and 2 ganglia

Parasympathetic division uses 3 ganglia

Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

1) celiac

2) superior mesenteric

3) inferior mesenteric

1) white ramus commincans

2) gray ramus communicans

-widespread throughout body

-simple in structure

-touch, cold-heat, pain

-localized to specific structures/areas of the body

-highly complex

-taste, sight, hearing and balance, smell

1) olfaction (smell)

2) gustatory (taste)

3) chemoreceptors

located on upper aspect of nasal cavity

-neruons surrounded by columnar epithelial cells

-cilia on ends of knob-like expansions project down into the nasal cavity

1) gustatory cells

2) supporting cells

1) facial nerve (CN VII)

2) gloddopharyngeal (CN IX)

3) Vagus nerve (CN X)

1) CN VII or CN IX

2) brainstem

3) medulla

4) thalamus

5) gustatory cortex in parietal lobe

Static Equilibrium

1) vestibule

2) utricle

3) saccule

-senses position of the head

-maintains stability and posture of the head and body

-located in the 1 - bony chamber b/w semicircular canals and cochlea. 1 contains membranes 2 and 3

- steroid hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

-thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

1) Amine hormones - dopamine and epinehrine

2) Peptide/protein hormones - anterior/posterior pituitary hormones, calcitonin/PTH, and insulin