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| any of a class of molecules that contains a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups, and several to many carbon-hydrogen bonds |
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| a small carbohydrate, such as glucose, that has the molecular formula (CH2O)n and cannot be hydrolyzed to form any smaller carbohydrates. Aslo called simple sugars |
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| a monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing 3 carbon atoms |
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| a monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing 5 carbon atoms |
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| a monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing 6 carbon atoms |
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a linear or branched polymer consisting of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
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| a carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides (sugar residues) linked together |
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| the covalent bond created by a condensation reaction between two sugar monomers; joins the residues of a polysaccharide |
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A mixture of two storage polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin, both formed from alpha-glucose monomers.
Amylopectin is branched, and amylose is unbranched.
The major form of stored carbohydrates in plants |
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Definition
A highly branched storage polysaccharide composed of alpha-glucose monomers joined by 1, 4- and 1, 6-glycosidic linkages.
The major form of stored carbohydrate in animals. |
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| a fibrous layer found outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and archaea and many eukaryotes |
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A structural polysaccharide composed of beta-glucose monomers joined by beta-1, 4-glycosidic linkages.
Found in the cell wall of algae, plants, bacteria, fungi, and some other groups. |
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a structural polysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine monomers joined end to end by beta-1,4-glucosidic linkages.
Found in cell walls of fungi and many algae, and in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans |
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| a complex structural polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls |
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| any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrate groups |
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the complex biological process that converts the energy of light into chemical energy stored in glucose and other organic molecules.
Occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria. |
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| an enzyme that breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis of the alpha-glycosidic linkages between the glucose residues |
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| any enzyme that can breakdown starch by catalyzing hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages between glucose residues |
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Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
a molecule consisting of adenine, a sugar, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy.
Universally used by cells to store and transfer energy |
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| Carbohydrate polymers with relatively few residues (refers to a specific monomer within the polymeric chain of a polysaccharide, protein or nucleic acid) |
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| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
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Definition
a molecule consisting of adenine, a sugar, and two phosphate groups.
addition of a third phosphate group produces ATP |
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