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| p. 151 A corporate leader in the later 19th century to early 20th century in a period of industrialization when mass fortunes were made, known as the guilded age. His oil company, Standard Oil, started as an oil refinery. He used vertical integration to increase profits, meaning he was able to control all aspects of oil production. To do this he bought companies that supplied the oil business, such as pipelines and railroad cars. He also practiced horizontal integration by buying or taking over other refineries. By 1875, his company Standard Oil refined half of all oil in the U.S. Rockerfeller was a philanthropist who gave away vast amounts of his fortune to colleges and other worthy causes. |
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| p. 151: Contemporary of Rockerfeller 19th century-A poor boy from Scotland who came to the US when he was 12. He worked for the Pennsylvania RR, and began to invest money and then when he made enough money, he founded his own steel company and rose to the top of that business. By 1899, Carnegie Steel dominated the American steel industry. In 1901, he sold the company to banker J.P. Morgan for 408 million dollars and retired. Like Rockerfeller, he was a philanthropist who donated his money and time to education and public libraries. |
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| p. 157: The US has been called the nation of immigrants of all the groups who made America, only Native Americans have not come from somewhere else. Between 1800-1880, more than 10 million immigrants came to the U.S., these were the "old immigrants" from Northern and Western Europe. Chinese immigrants also arrived during the goldrush and to work on the railroads. Between 1880-1910 a new wave brought about 18 million new immigrants to US. These "new immigrants" came from eastern and southern Europe including Greece, Italy, Poland, and Russia. Smaller numbers came from east Asia because of the U.S. strict immigration laws. These new immigrants made America's ethnicity and religious communities more diverse. They were Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jews. By 1910, nearly 1 out of every 7 Americans was foreign born. |
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From Wikipedia: (January 27, 1850 – December 13, 1924) was an English-born American cigar maker who became a labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as that organization's president from 1886 to 1894 and from 1895 until his death in 1924. He promoted harmony among the different craft unions that comprised the AFL, trying to minimize jurisdictional battles. He promoted "thorough" organization and collective bargaining to secure shorter hours and higher wages.
From textbook p. 153: In 1886, a group of workers led by Gompers formed the American Federation of Labor--they won wage increases ans shorter work weeks. |
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| p. 153: 1893; Head of the American Railway Union and urged his members not to work on trains that icluded pullman cars. The government ordered the strike to stop because it interfered with delivery of the US mail. Debs organized the strike because the Pullman company, who made the Pullman cars, laid off thousands of workers. |
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| p. 154: Two American brothers, first to build a successful airplane. Dec. 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright flew their tiny plane at Kitty Hawk, NC. |
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| p. 154: 1837-He patented his method for sending messages over wires with electricity. |
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| P. 155: Patented a design for the telephone is 1876. By 1900, there were more than one million telephones in offices and households. |
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| p. 155: 1876-Opened his own research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ. He hired assistants with scientific and tech. expertise to think creatively and work hard. He spent hours testing ideas and his team soon invented the first phonograph and telephone transmitter. He became known as the wizard of Menlo Park. He came up with the safe electric light bulb to light homes and streetlamps. He undertook a new venture after this, bringing a network of electricity to NYC. In 1882 he installed a lighting system powered by his own power plant. Similar power plants were built all over the country after this. Later, he invented a motion picture camera and projector. He had over 1000 patents on inventions. |
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| p. 159: Founded one of the first American Settlement houses with Ellen Gates Starr in Chicago, Hull House in 1889. Settlement houses were a place volunteers offered immigrants services such as job training opportunities and English classes. |
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| p. 161: 1896: The democratic candidate for president against William McKinley in the election. In a famous speech, he defended the free coinage of silver. He said "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor; you shall not crucify man upon a cross of gold. |
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| p. 162. Late 19th century- An African American leader who believed that African Americans needed to temporarily accept segregation and improve their situation through learning farming and vocational skills. He founded the Tuskekegee Institute to teach African Americans Practical skills. |
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| p. 162. Unlike Washington, he believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately and helped fund the Nigerian Movement. |
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| p. 274 Mine workers union leader who won striking minors a huge wage increase. |
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| From Wikipedia: the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. |
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| Transcontinental railroad |
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| The First Transcontinental Railroad (known originally as the "Pacific Railroad" and later as the "Overland Route") was a railroad line built in the United States of America between 1863 and 1869 by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and the Union Pacific Railroad that connected its statutory Eastern terminus at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska[1][2] (via Ogden, Utah, and Sacramento, California) with the Pacific Ocean at Oakland, California on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay opposite San Francisco. By linking with the existing railway network of the Eastern United States, the road thus connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States by rail for the first time. The line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line through the end of 1962.[3 |
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| Requires the US Fed. gov. to investigate and pursue trust companies and organizations susupected of violating the act. This was federal statute to limit company's abilities to form cartels and monopolies. |
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The Haymarket Riot in Chicago in May 1886: people gathered in Chicao to protest police action during strikes, in which police used violent tactics against striking employees. The riot killed several people, and resulted in a highly controversial trial followed by executions of four men who may have been innocent. The American labor movement was dealt a severe setback, and the chaotic events resonated for many years. Someone threw a bomb and people panicked.
From book, p. 153: Before it ended, 11 were dead and more than 100 injured. People blamed foreign-born union activists for the violence. Police eventually charged eight men with "foreign sounding" last names for conspiracy and murder. Four were hanged and one killed himself in prison, the others were later pardoned. |
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| A nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads in the U.S. in 1894. |
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| Ellis Island in New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States. It was the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. The island was greatly expanded with landfill between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a naval magazine. The island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965 |
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| The United States Federal Law signed by Chester A. Arthur on May, 7, 1882. Suspended Chinese immigration to U.S., a ban that would last 10 years. |
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an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations. The agreement was never ratified by Congress, which in 1924 ended it.
Tensions had been rising in Tokyo and San Francisco, and after the decisive Japanese victory against Russia, Japan demanded treatment as an equal. The result was a series of six notes communicated between Japan and the United States from late 1907 to early 1908. |
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| The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also simply styled the Grange, is a fraternal organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political well-being. Founded in 1867 after the Civil War, it is the oldest surviving agricultural organization in America, |
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| The People's Party, also known as the "Populists", was a short-lived political party in the United States established in 1891. It was most important in 1892-96, then rapidly faded away. Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), it represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally. It sometimes formed coalitions with labor unions, and in 1896 endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee, William Jennings Bryan. The terms "populist" and "populism" are commonly used for anti-elitist appeals in opposition to established interests and mainstream parties. |
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| 1876-1975-racial segregation laws with supposedly separate but equal facilities. |
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| A supreme court decision upholding racial segregation in privately owned businesses |
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| reading tests to keep African Americans from voting. |
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| Electric company founded in America in 1886. |
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| An economic system that became dominate in the western world. Capitalism is a competitive, free-market economy. In other words, governments don't own and control businesses, private companies and individuals do. |
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| transactions between private parties are free from government intervention |
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| 1870's-a term for society that emerged in England and the U.S during this time. Idea was the more "evolved" humans were, the more they rose to the top of the social ladder. This ties into some racist ideas |
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| created under laws of a government as a separate legal entity that has privileges and liabilities that are distinct from its members. |
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| A sub-standard, multi-family dwelling usually occupied by the poor. In the U.S. tenements were commonly known as housing for large immigrant working poor families and were notorious for their bad conditions. |
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| 1850s-1890's--political position that wanted to restrict immigration and lower rights/status of specific ethnic groups. Wanted to keep America "American," meaning white, English-speaking, and Protestant. |
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| A court order that requires a party to do something or refrain from doing something. |
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| A work stoppage performed by the mass refusal of employees to work, usually caused by the employees feeling they are receiving unfair treatment regarding wages and/or working conditions. |
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