Term
cysteine (made from methionine)
tyrosine (made from phenyalanine) |
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Definition
| two non-essential amino acids that are made from essential amino acids are |
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Term
1. histidine
2. isoleucine
3.leucine
4. lysine
5. methionine
6. phenylalanine
7. threonine
8. tryptophan
9. valine |
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Definition
| the 9 essential amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| cysteine's carbon skeleton is obtained from |
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Term
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Definition
| cysteine's sulfur atom is obtained from |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon skeletons of most amino acids are derived from catabolism of |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen groups for amino acids are obtained from |
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Term
| Glutamate carbons and nitrogen |
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Definition
| are utilized for the synthesis of arginine, proline, and glutamine |
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Term
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Definition
| used to synthesize arginine, is synthesized from glutamate |
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Term
glutamate is reduced to semialdehyde
transamination to ornithine |
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Definition
| the reactions that synthesize ornithine from glutamate |
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Term
| glutamate y-semialdehyde synthetase |
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Definition
| catalyzes the reaction from glutamate to glutamate semialdehyde, needs ATP and NADPH |
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Term
| ornithine aminotransferase |
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes ornithine synthesis from glutamate semialdehyde |
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Term
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Definition
| converts ornithine to citrulline using Urea cycle enzymes, tissue area |
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Term
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Definition
| converts citrulline to arginine using the urea cycle enzymes, tissue type |
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Term
| intestinal mucosa and kidney |
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Definition
| these tissues lack arginase and do not synthesize urea |
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Term
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Definition
| cyclizes spontaneously to produce the precursor for proline |
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Term
| pyrroline 5-carboxylate reductase |
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Definition
| the enzume that reduces pyrroline 5-carboxylate to proline, uses NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in proline degradation, utilizes a FAD dependent dehydrogenase |
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Term
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Definition
| produces glutamine from glutamate, utilizes NH4 and ATP to form an amide bone, irreversible |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes glutamine to glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of this from a-ketoglutarate is reversible and does not require ATP |
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Term
| glutamine synthesis in muscle |
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Definition
| provides subsequent NH4 for proton excretion by the kidneys |
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Term
1. protein synthesis
2. ammoniagenesis for proton excretion
3. nitrogen donor for synthesis
4. glutamate donor for synthesis |
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Definition
| 4 main functions of glutamine |
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Term
1. starvation
2. stress
3. intreated type I diabetes mellitue
4. glucocorticoid administration |
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Definition
| glutamine synthetase in muscle associated with muscle wasting is induced by these 4 things |
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Term
1. refeeding
2. endurance exercise
3. restored insulin levels
4. anabolic steroids |
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Definition
| glutamine synthetase in muscle is reduced by these 4 things |
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Term
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Definition
| provides the amino group for synthesis of aspartate from oxaloacetate by transamination |
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Term
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Definition
| the amide nitrogen of asparagine is derived from rather than NH4 |
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Term
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Definition
| converts aspartate to asparagine, requires ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| converts asparagine to aspartate and releases NH4 |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose carbons are used for synthesis of |
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Term
| dietary tyrosine and cysteine |
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Definition
| can reduce the requirements for methionine and phenylalanine |
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Term
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Definition
| infants and children aslo require a higher percentage of their dietary protein as |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity of a dietary protein to provide essential amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| equals content of individual EAA in food protein (mg/g) / content of that amino acid in reference protein (mg/g) |
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Term
| lysine, methionine (cysteine) threonine, tryptophan |
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Definition
| the four essential amino acids that are most likely to affect the protein quality of mixed human diets |
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Term
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Definition
| animal proteins usually supply all the essential amino acids in the needed quantities . they have amino acid scores close to 100 and are often called |
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Term
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Definition
| is a particularly low quality animal protein |
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Term
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Definition
| many vegetable proteins have lower amino acid scores. they contain all of the essential amino acids in a non-optimal mixture. These are called... sufficient quantities can fully provide for nutritional needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an empirical measure of protein quality. the numers are usually similar to the amino acid scores |
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Term
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Definition
| can be stressful for the kidney, liver, may increase urine calcium and osteoporosis and calcium stones |
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Term
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Definition
| protein malnutrition, the sickness the older child gets when the next is born, often precipitated by infection |
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Term
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Definition
| starvation, low insulin levels, brain using ketone bodies as well as glucose, sparing of amino acids increases availability for synthesis of albumin and other proteins by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| not starvation, less amino acid mobilization from muscle, less muscle wasting, but greater impariment of protein synthesis by visceral organs |
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Term
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Definition
| result of trama, surgery, infections, septic stress, increased fuel utilization and gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemis, negative nitrogen balance, increase urinary urea, lean body mass wasting |
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Term
| catabolic hormones, and inflammatory cytokines |
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Definition
| increased in circulation in hypercatabolic states |
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Term
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Definition
| can minimize but not eliminate the negative nitrogen balance |
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