1. Legal Immigrants
2. Undocumented Immigrants
3. Braceros
4. Commuters
5. Border crossers

Who immigrated in the Formative wave?

Docile

Lazy

Dirty and Diseased

Greasers

Wetbacks

Juvenile Delinquents

Juvenile Delinquents

Criminals

Overly sexual

Hot-blooded; argumentative

Men: Macho, Bull fighters, animal sexuality, proud of heritage

Women: flirts, sexual, emotional, materialistic, superficial, preferred money over heritage 

overly emotional and irrational

criminals/ drug trafficking

anti-Castro radicals

rich/ successful

§  Model minorities

§  The pollutant

§  The coolie

§  The deviant

§  The yellow peril

§  The gook

§  “Slant eyes”

§  “nips”

“Hindoos”

 “Ragheads”

Pot-smokers

Lazy

Dreadlocks

Gonzalez v. Williams (1904)

§  Isabel Gonzalez, pregnant Puerto Rican woman who tried to enter New York

§  Didn’t let her in so she sued saying she was a citizen since she was Puerto Rican

§  Question of citizenship for all Puerto Ricans

§  Court ruled she was not an alien

Ozawa v. United States (1922)

§  The US supreme court had ruled that only immigrants of white or African origin could become US citizens

§  Challenged curfew laws

§  Supreme Court upheld the curfew

Korematsu v. US (1944)

Korematsu refused to go to the internment camp so he was arrested and when he brought his case to the Supreme Court, they stood by executive order 9066.

When reopened, the court apoligized to Korematsu and said that the internment was unconstitutional

Gave US the right to intervene militarily in Cuba

Leased Guantanamo Bay to US

“Asiatic Barred zone”

Area from Asia where the US said people could not immigrate from or become American citizens

He claimed that he was actually “white”  because they descend from the Arian race

Supreme Court said no

Asians were considered “aliens ineligible for citizenship”

They were just too different

Essentially stopped Japanese immigration

Ended some provisions of the Platt Amendment

Weren’t controlling politics but still involved economically

Had Guantanamo Bay still

War Brides Act (1945)

wives and children of US servicemen could immigrate

Exceptions to the 1924 immigration law

Indians in US could now become naturalized citizens

Also gave a small quota for immigrants to come in

Granted right to naturalize

Allowed small quota for Japanese: 185

Abolished Quotas

Preferences based on professional skills and family reunification

Signed by President Carter

Allowed 50,000 refugees/year

restricted Chinese immigration for 10 years

Exceptions: Diplomats, Merchants, and college students

First ethnic group to be shit out in US history

Scapegoat for economic problems

Spanish Colonial Mexico

Social hierarchy

Spanish

Mestizos

Indians

African and Indian mixed

European immigration had slowed

Industrial jobs in the north (Chicago, Detroit, Pittsburgh)

1924 Immigration Law didn't put quotas on the western hemisphere

The Bath Riots

When?

Who lead them?

How many protested?

How did they protest?

January 23, 1917

Carmelita Torres

200 women protested

They threw rocks at American Citizens

it failed

Market forces-- lack of jobs

Government Actions: Hoover called for strict interpretation of immigration rules

personal identity

community building

maintaining traditions

Which immigrant group was associated with the "Revolving Door" stereotype?

and why?

Puerto Rican

because they kept migrating and then returning to Puerto Rico

The Cuban Revolt of 1895

who started it?

what was it about?

José Marti

(He was a poet, philosopher, and revolutionary leader)

The Cubans wanted independence from Spain

What is Yellow Journalism?

what were 2 popular journals?

Really exaggerated articles to get people riled up

most were true, some were fabricated

New York Harold: William Randolph Hurst

New York World: Joseph Pulitzer

Spanish American War

what was it about?

who was involved?

It was between Spain and the US

it was about Cuban independence and stuff going on with Spain and the US

A private letter that a citizen of Spain residing in the the US wrote to the leaders of Spain bashing the US President.

They were found and published in the New York Harold and this riled up US citizens

1. Privileged Class:  Daimyo (Land Owners), Samurai (Warrior class)
2. Commoners: Farmers, Priests and Artisans, Merchants
3. Lowest Classes: Animal skinners and hide tanners, prostitutes and Kabuki performers (actors)

US commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay

it was a display of military power

forced interaction with the west

Using military power to force something into action

in the case with The US and Japan, trade relations

The Gentlemen's Agreement (1908)

between who?

what was it about?

Between the US (Teddy Roosevelt) and Japan

It said that Japan would stop sending laborers over to the US but the families of laborers already here could immigrate

Japanese vs. Chinese

Female Immigration

More Japanese women had already joined the workforce

The Japanese women had more education: literate; learned English

Japanese women were seen as a form of social control

Bonsai Trees; Japanese

Buddhist Temples; schools

taught their language and customs

Festivals: Kimonos, Japanese drums and dance

sumo wrestling matches

Shared cuisine

common dialect of English

Hawaiian identity

Japanese Immigration

Hawaii vs. California

Hawaii: Large Japanese population

planters depended on Japanese laborers (so not a lot of discrimination)

California: only 2% Japanese.

racism kept them out of industrial jobs

became shopkeepers and farmers to make money

railroad and refrigerated railroad cars enabled them to make more money because there was a bigger demand for the food.

Farming Entrepreneur

"The Potato King"

gained lots of land and had huge farms

most famous Japanese man in America

Fred Korematsu

1.       How did government officials justify the Internment of Japanese American Citizens?

a.       Simply because they belong to an enemy race, their internment can be justified

b.      It was wartime and they were afraid the Japanese would give secret Intel to the Japanese

Fred Korematsu

1.       Why did Korematsu try to change his identity?

a.       He felt more like an American and wanted to have a normal life and was sick of  discrimination

Fred Korematsu

1.       Why did the national ACLU tell the local San Francisco members not to help Korematsu?

a.       They were friends  of the President and didn’t want to be unpatriotic

Fred Korematsu

1.       What was the government’s argument in the Supreme Court trial?

a.       The evacuation was required due to military needs

b.      “they belong to an enemy race”

                  c. Necessary to intern the Japanese to prevent espionage

Fred Korematsu

1.       Why did the Supreme Court decide in favor of the US government?

a.       It was patriotic to go along with the President

b.      They were told it was militarily necessary and this was a time of war so they didn’t want to go against that

Fred Korematsu

1.       What was the significance of the Korematsu case?

a.       It raised for the first time whether or not the internment itself was constitutional

b.      By ruling in favor of the gov’t, they said that internment by race was constitutional

"To Endure"

Nisei soldiers-- wanted to prove their patriotism

translators; combat

Hawaii's 100th Batalion: North Africa and Italy

"Purple heart battalion"

442nd regimental combat unit

most decorated unit of the war

rescued the "lost battalion" in France

Many of the soldiers families were in internment camps

Push Factors for Asian Indian Immigration

decreased mortality in India (people were living longer lives-- population increase)

Land subdivision (getting divided into smaller pieces)

Agricultural jobs in the west coast

The Sikh faith stressed land ownership, courage, and risk taking (immigrating would be all that)

Educated in Europe

founded the Indochinese Communist party

he organized raids to steal rice back for the peasants

(he became a huge leader)

he was the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (communist)

The US govt tried to disperse the refugees; wanted them to assimilate

but immigrants started moving and forming cultural hubs.

Eden Center (Northern Virginia), Dorchester (Massachusetts), V-Town (houston, Texas) 

Maya Lin

1.       What was Maya Lin’s rationale behind her design for the Vietnam memorial?

a.       She said that the design was to above all recognize the people and to make people cry and be honest about the pain and then heal from it.

Maya Lin

1.       How did the idea to create a Vietnam memorial come about?

a.       The group of veterans wanted a memorial and raised the money to lobby in congress to get a memorial and then got President Carter to sign the legislation

Maya Lin

Why was Lin so concerned about getting her essay just right?

a.       The design itself would look too simple to the naked eye so it needed to be accompanied by the essay to explain the significance of the memorial

Maya Lin

What were some of the negative comments about Lin’s design?

a.       It looks like a boomerang—comments about how war is like a boomerang, it’ll always come back

b.      It’s too dark and unconventional

c.       Looked like a black gash in the earth

Maya Lin

Why were some people upset about Lin being the designer? 

a.       She’s Asian, she’s a she, she’s too young

Maya Lin

1.       How did Congress and the memorial committee deal with the complaints?

a.       They had meetings and hearings and debates and tried to find compromises

Maya Lin

1.       Why did Lin disapprove of adding sculptures to her design?

a.       The statues are taller than the wall and take away from the simple eloquence of the black wall

Maya Lin

1.       What is significant about the black granite?

a.       It was supposed to signify the dark earth

b.      It’s reflective—you can see yourself in the monument

o   quota of 100 Jamaicans per year

§  Most immigrants went to Britain instead

o   Michael Manley

§  Prime minister of Jamaica (1972-1980)

§  Economic policies hurt the poor

·         But social programs aimed to help

§  Unpopular with upper and middle classes

Jamaican Immigrants gender and jobs

Women: often first in the family to immigrate

Demand for live-in domestic workers

House keepers, child care, elder care

Long history of being in the workforce

Men: truck drivers, security, construction, janitors

Whatever job they know someone in the field who could help them get a job

Political immigrants: professionals

Doctors and nurses

Brooklyn, North Bronx, Queens

but 17% live in Miami

Religious movement

Influenced by Christianity and black nationalism

Believed Africans are God’s chosen people

Worship former Emperor of Ethiopia as Messiah

Black nationalism

Ganja (really potent marijuana)

Used it for meditation