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Definition
| 1854- democratic idea, allowed citizens to decide on slavery in western states, repealed the 1820 compromise (slavery illegal) contributed to realign and rise of republican party w/anti-slavery platform |
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| -1854 party based on controlling slavery expansion but thanked Whigs for other ideas such as free-market labor, homesteading, tariffs and trade protectionism. |
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| protect domestic industry w/tariffs, subsidies, etc. Republicans favored in 1854 |
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Definition
| in 1854, republicans wanted _____ tariffs and south democrats wanted ___ because they were trading with Europe |
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Definition
| raised rate to protect & promote industry in the North. 1860's. Adopted trade protectionism which ended because G. Britain was pissed off but federal revenue greatly increased |
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| money backed up by Gold in 1862, but there wasn't enough gold eventually. |
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| money not backed up by anything but the word of the government. also known as green backs |
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Definition
| money by government declared as legal tender has no value itself. Came lasting of civil war. |
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Definition
| main labor in south till 1950's. Farm workers who were provided homes and credit for their work but were kept in debt to land owner, by high prices in town. |
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Definition
| legislation passed by southern states to control labor movements and newly freed slaves, most aimed at keeping african americans under employment of their former owners. kept cheap labor. |
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Definition
| time between 1873-1877, southern democrats and allies began to re-exert political power in the south and nationally. |
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Definition
| southern democrats gaining power in 1873-1877 over blacks and republicans. |
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Term
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| very disputed presidential election. Between Samuel Tilden of NY (Democrat) and Rutherford Hayes of OH (Republican) Tilden wanted free trade/no expansion of slavery. Hayes wanted equal rights, education rights and thought the Government was a tool to promote industry modernization. |
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Definition
| election came to debate over reconstruction and if military should continue to occupy the south. Tilden won and results were met with violence, making Congress opted to appoint an "impartial" Electoral Commission to find a solution... compromise of 1877 |
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Term
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Definition
Republicans had to agree to:
To withdraw federal soldiers from their remaining positions in the South
To enact federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South
To appoint Democrats to patronage positions in the South
To appoint a Democrat to the president’s cabinet.
in the ____________ __________... blacks felt abandoned. |
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Term
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Definition
| evil robber baron, bought RR companies in the 1870s. ended up buying over 15% RR and tried to manipulate bonds and stocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| The issue of slavery split the party. “Conscience ___” in the North favored the abolition of slavery and halting the institution's spread into new territories. The “Cotton Whigs” in the South took the opposite viewpoints. Following Scott’s poor showing in 1852, the southerners moved to the Democratic Party and the northerners to the newly formed Republican Party. |
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Definition
| Southern white republicans who cooperated with/northern white officials to help blacks and just make money, also called carpet baggers. |
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Term
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Definition
| did more work than people by 1870, made huge advancements in productivity, most crucial to grown in industry |
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Term
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Definition
| mass amounts of wood for steam engines led to _______ |
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Definition
| started for lighting, became very important and commercially developed. first drill in Penn, 1859 |
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Definition
| Created when stockholders of several companies conveyed their shares of those companies "in ____" to one person. A way to centrally manage many companies in a higher/larger efficient way |
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| controlling all comapnies in the line of making one massive product in order to monopolize the making. EX. carnegie owned steel mill, controlled ovens, mines, ships to send, RR to send it all over. kept money in his pocket |
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Term
| motivations for radical reconstruction |
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Definition
Revenge — a desire among some to punish the South for causing the war
Concern for the freedmen — some believed that the federal government had a role to play in the transition of freedmen from slavery to freedom
Political concerns — the Radicals wanted to keep the Republican Party in power in both the North and the South. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leading radical republican, annoyed with Lincoln, thought he was too easy |
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Definition
| radical leader, thought Lincoln was too weak, said women who disrespected soldiers would be treated as prostitutes |
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Definition
| formal process in which official is accused of unlawful activity. guilty or non-guilty may or may not result in removal from office |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
| President Lincoln freed the slaves with... |
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Definition
| Plains seen as too dry for agriculture, not enough rainfall, cold winters hot summers, high winds, dust storms. known as the _____ _____ ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| on the northern plains, Grasses hold in moisture, prevent dust storms, provide nutrition for animals (The American Bison- buffalo) Known as : _____ ______ |
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Definition
15 million, huge herds. they decreased to fewer than a thousand caused by large scale hunters. They were hated to near extinction.
·Before Europeans, these _____ weren't the only species |
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Term
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Definition
| Lived in the Great Lakes region before the Great Plains. Increase of European population cause their Migration west. They ran into the Shyan, who had mastered living in the Great Plains. The ______ learned and adopted their ways. They eventually defeated the Shyan and sent them westward. (continual migration) They gained the lands that became known as the ______ Lands Post- 1700. At the center of these lands was the Black Hills |
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Term
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Definition
| Named so because they looked black from a distance, from trees. It was a sacred place for all neighboring tribes. Became a place of conflict for about 20 years. All tribes tried to hold on to the _____ ______, but the US government wouldn't let them keep it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Foot and wagon trails. Connected east to the west. Traffic increased dramatically after California Gold Rush. ______ ______ began to be made: they were the only way to cross the Great Plains- through the Native lands. Over 500,000 Americans traveled through them. Great Plains: primarily seen as barrier to cross. View changed after civil war. |
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Term
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Definition
Government began to develop forts to protect settlers from Indian raids while traveling trails.
·Established in 1849
·Hosted numerous treaties between the US and Native tribes: seen as a threat to Native Americans, way too close to sacred lands. Moment in history where Government increased military in this region to protect people. Violence was dramatically increased. |
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Term
| Treaty of Fort Laramie - 1851 |
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Definition
| Defined the lands that belonged to the Native Americans. All the land west of the Missouri river is in control on Native Americans. However the government wanted them to let their people cross peacefully through the land. Many Indians did not agree to the treaties. Many Americans weren't interested in respecting the treaty either. Conflict continued. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congress passed intending to distribute federal lands west of Mississippi River to small farmers and ranchers. Amount varied at different time. (160 acres of unaccompanied land) Motivation was to clear off Great Plains of Indians- get them to settle down. Indians got angry, they controlled the land that government were giving away. In Montana, gold was discovered. Increased number of settlers heading through Great Plains. Due to increased traffic, more forts were created to protect travelers. (going along Bozeman Trail) this went right through the Powder River Country- right in the middle of a hunting ground as well as Indian trails. Aggravated relations between Indians and government. They thought the only way to defend their land was to band together (different tribes.) They decided they would put differences aside and act to defend the land from the US government. |
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Definition
| A Lakota leader that was extremely successful. ______ led coalition of Native tribes against elements of US Army. After Army dispatched groups to build forts, it set Indians off. They beseeched many forts and eventually shut down Bozeman trail. |
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Term
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Definition
| William J Fetterman thought he could take on threat of Indians with small numbers. He underestimated them and he and his men were wiped out by Lakota and Shyan tribes (who did lose men.) New riffles. US military was not able to stop Red Cloud and his tribes from shutting down Bozeman trail. Rather than moving large amounts of troops in, they would redirect settlers to transcontinental RR. Red Cloud's War was a victory. |
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Term
| treaty of Ft Laramie - 1868 |
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Definition
| Confirmed permanent sovereignty for Lakota territory west of Missouri river. (they controlled it) On this land they created Gree sue reservation. US army abandoned forts along Powder River Country. Indians had to relinquish control of lands east of Missouri. Tribes agreed to become civilized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made name for himself by fighting shy an Indians. Last in his class at west point. Served in front’s army of civil war. Alienated troops at beginning of his power. During war, he eventually gained rank of general, but then went to lower rank and was sent west. Ordered to Lakota country. Mission: protect RR surveyors from Indians. Before long they engage Lakota against the treaty. Underestimated indians, split his troops and lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| Custer's Black Hills Expedition. Angered Sioux and Shyan. US government tried to purchase Black Hills, and it was denied by Lakota. US ultimatum: any indian not on reservation was considered hostile and would be attacked and brought back. This allowed government to begin to control Powder Country. This was in the middle of winter however, so people were out hunting (COLD AND HORRIBLE) |
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Term
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Definition
Lakota/Sioux Holy man and chief
·Active in Red Cloud's War
·Organized largest gathering of Indians on the Great Plains: with understanding that thing on Great Plains were about to lead to big conflict. 3 columns of soldiers were to move into Lakota hunting grounds to pin down Indians not in reservation. |
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Term
| The battle of little big horn |
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Definition
| Custer commanded 650 troops, Indians had 18,000 troops. Custer split his forces prior to battle to surround the village. HUGE disaster. Underestimated skill and number of Indians and they were wiped out. (Custer’s last stand) Many retreated but were tracked down by Indian warriors. Success for Indians, but history was against them. Less than two months later, Many Penny Agreement, unless Sioux gave Black Hills to government, or you'll starve (they'll cut off food allotments) Enough signed treaty to give Black Hills to government. |
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Term
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Definition
| wealthy men who used questionable business methods of profiting during the industrial revolution to gain personal money & power |
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Term
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Definition
| born in NY, big family, worked his way up and in 1870 founded The Standard Oil Co. to refine oil to kerosene in one refinery in Cleveland. Ended up buying out many others, shutting them down to profit himself. Made deals with RR for lower freight rates, angered many smaller companies in late 1800s |
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Term
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Definition
| combine a number of firms engaged in same enterprise into a single corporation. expanding product variation to profit |
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Term
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Definition
| needed to ensure same size of tracks to better the RR industry and mass expansion after the civil war |
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Term
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Definition
| set up to better determine traffic and deliveries from R.R. across the country |
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Term
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Definition
| connected the E & W coast, reduced travel time from months to days, started in Omaha, Nebraska ended in Sacramento, California. 1860s. first known as Pacific RR. |
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Term
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Definition
| RR started in California headed East |
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Term
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Definition
| RR started in Omaha, NB and headed west |
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Term
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Definition
| Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at ________ _______ Utah. It was here on May 10, 1869 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1850's british inventor who patened technology to revolutionize steel production. decreased the cost and labor required to make steel |
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Term
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Definition
| enabled mass steel production. produced terrific heat and used the waste gases of the molten iron to generate even more heat, nearly 3,000 degrees. Fires blazed at both sides of the hearth, passing heated currents of air and gas alternately from each fire over the molten iron. The waste gas passed into chambers above the two fires, trapping heat in special firebrick and making the next flow of gas even hotter. The extreme heat eventually burned out the impurities in the iron, resulting in silvery white steel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scottish immigrant, worked making textiles for 1$ hr, invested all his money into RR companies and bought a steel mill... became largest in the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Andrew Carnegie wrote this book to teach people to give back to others, he gave 350 million back during his life time. |
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Term
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Definition
| driven in the last tie plat to commemorate the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit as the completed first Transcontinental Railroad as directed by the Pacific Railway Act. 1869. ended RR taking money from gov. and horsing around and damaging competitors tracks. |
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Term
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Definition
| US Mint and monetary system on Gold & Silver. Establish dollar as unit of money. free coinage=able to turn raw silver and gold into Coin for small fee. Put US on bimetallic standard |
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Term
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Definition
| official monetary system based on two metals - gold and silver for US |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in supply of money, leads to rise in price, more after the same # of supply of goods. Can act as a tax on the wealthy, their money value is going down |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in supply of money, causes price of good to decrease. dollar can buy more. decreases price level of goods |
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Term
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Definition
| deflation policy, removed silver as official mint money, decreased supply of money, brought end to US bimetallism |
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Term
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Definition
| US gov would begin redeeming greenbacks with gold, tried to decrease amount of Greenbacks in circulation, caused more deflation, ppl traded and saved the gold, caused 1% deflation per yr for 20 yrs. |
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Term
| Resumption act 1875 and Coinage Act 1873 |
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Definition
| two acts that hurt large groups, caused ppl to fight back against deflation and start movement groups like free silver movement / greenback party / silver purchase acts |
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Term
| ** Free Silver movement ** |
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Definition
wanted silver to be minted again, unlimited coinage of silver.
Silver miners - owned mines in west
Farmers - wanted inflation and the acts passed were hurting it
Debtors - deflation trapped ppl in debt, noone made money to pay back |
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Term
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Definition
| farmers want ______ because they most likely took out loans and would get more money from crops to pay back the loan rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl thought Banks and Corporations had conspiracy control of ________ to take farms and homes. considered it an act of crime |
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Term
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Definition
| wanted the government to print more greenbacks to raise inflation. started 1874, Indiana, mostly farmers and some small business owners. Also wanted 8 hr work day, income tax and womens rights for voting |
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Term
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Definition
| radical republican leader of Greenback party. Eventually nominated for presidential election |
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Term
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Definition
| gold coins again circulated and paper money was backed by gold. stopped bimetallism again, assigned the gold standard to the dollar by McKinley. generated backlash and caused problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most important mining discoveries in American history, in output and in significance. It was the first major silver discovery in United States history. Silver decreased and Gold increased. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1848, California _________ _________ decreased gold value and increased silver value. caused mass circulation of gold coins in 1850s |
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Term
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Definition
| started as a secret society, early 1870's, PPL looked to _____ for help. group contained skilled & unskilled workers. Demanded end child labor, equal pay to women, 8 hr day, and progressive income tax |
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Term
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Definition
three things led to ___________:
urbanization: cities increased in size
immigration:markets/transportation. attracted immigrants & their ideas. Owners had choices to hire from
industrialization: companies had new technology so there became less and less jobs. |
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Term
| Rise of Populist Movement |
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Definition
reasons for _________ ________:
1.Deflation - farmers little income
2. conflict with RR & big banks/business vs the PPL
3. Industrialization, Urbanization/Immigration. |
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Term
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Definition
| state laws that regulated businesses. many targed RR, regulated freight rates, lowered and set rates, made sure all rail customers treated fairly. RR companies began to challenge these laws & won. said state cant invade National Commerce |
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Term
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Definition
| RR challenging Granger Law, Supreme Ct ruled in favor of RR 1886. Said states cant intervene with interstate commerce. Led to commerce clause |
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Term
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Definition
| congress have the power to regulate w/foreign nations, among the several states and with Indian tribes. Increased Federal Powers during late 19&20 century for RR pollution |
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Term
| Interstate Commerce Commission |
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Definition
| indirect result of Granger group & laws...former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states |
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Term
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Definition
| have own general stores and strive to cut out middle men. Small farmers would gain more $$. Member owned operations, benefit members only not make profit. |
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Term
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Definition
| farmers populist group in 1867, reconstruction for farmers in the south but spread all over. Joining of farmers to empower them. Non Profit, Non centralized power, kept money within group |
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Term
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Definition
| individual organisms with/most useful adaptations will survive and transmit to young. survival of the fittest |
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Term
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Definition
| humans compete in struggle for existence, survival of the fittest!! dumb die off and smart survive. Benefits humanity better off. |
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Term
| politics of Social Darwinism |
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Definition
-gov. shouldnt interfere w/human & social evolution
-gov. shouldnt regulate corporations
-gov. shouldnt regulate economy
-gov. shouldnt try to cure illness/poverty |
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Term
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Definition
| believed it would lead to social/human progress if the gov. would stay out. Large believer in Survival of the Fittest. Free Market Economics! Free equal liberty!! libertalism. Individuals have right to ignore Gov. sold 1 mill. books in his life |
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Term
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Definition
| american philosopher, American social Darwinism, contributed to spencer's idea of survival of the fittest. criticized welfare, wealth by hard work was the way. introduced folkways |
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Term
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Definition
| manners, customs, morals, products of social Darwinism, extremely powerful influences on thoughts and behaviors. Government trying to intervene would FAIL. |
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Term
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Definition
| gov. should not intervene and help with poverty and ignorance. Gov. should provide social safety net and educate in mass numbers. Gov help was only way to overcome social issues |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st american socialist, fierce opposition to Social Darwinism. Gov must help! man can overcome with Gov. sponsored education |
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Term
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Definition
| Sociologists and Gov. would work together to succeed using scientific method/experiment. human success depends on planned society directed by strong democratic gov. |
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Term
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Definition
| innovating economics, theory of the leisure class - ruling class had time to relax. lower class would want to emulate this class and use the same products |
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Term
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Definition
| use of wealth to display social status |
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Term
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Definition
| Killed President McKinley and was the son of an immigrant. He was part of the labor movement. He represented a lot of what the labor union stood for. He thought the wealthy were exploiting the poor. He viewed President McKinley as the problem. He said, “He killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people, the working people.” |
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Term
| The Roosevelt Administration |
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Definition
| Took a different approach to big business. He earned a reputation as being ANTI BIG BUSINESS. Was not going to let the coal shortage to continue, because it would negatively affect the country. Called the Trust Buster. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave ICC more power. Allowed them to set maximum freight rates. Expanded the ICC authority elsewhere. Had immediate consequences. Railroads became much less profitable overnight. The railroad companies stocks went down immediately. The stock market went down 50%. Negatively affected the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many railroad companies declared bankruptcy because of the Hepburn Act. This led to the stock market going down 50%. |
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Term
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Definition
| An American banker/financer. One of the wealthiest men in the United States. He believed it was his civic duty to help stop the panic from continuing. He pledged to lend large sums of money to banks to stop from failure. Convinced other wealthy New Yorkers to do the same thing. He acquired many companies and profited off this. He stopped the country from going into turmoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| President from 1901-1909. He increased the power of interstate commerce. Pushed for more power to the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| won presidency in 1896, and reelected in 1900. Many believed he was only working for big business. Assassinated by Leon Frank Czolgosz. |
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Term
| The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 |
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Definition
| The owners refused to cooperate for 5 months. This strike hurt the country because coal was the #1 source of energy for heat in the country, and it led to a severe coal shortage. Roosevelt called both sides up to Washington to to meet, and the miner owners refused. |
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Term
| Anthracite Coal Strike 1902 |
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Definition
At first the strike was like most other strikes. 150,000 coal miners walked off their jobs and demanded several things.
1) Recognition of their labor union.
2) Wanted 20% pay increase.
3) Wanted an 8 hour day. |
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Term
| Anthracite Coal Strike 1902 |
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Definition
1) Roosevelt said he would call in the military to control them.
2) he said he would have both sides look into the deal and help come to a compromise.
The Results were
1) Owners had to give 9 hour day
2) Miners got 10% pay increase |
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Term
| The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890- |
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Definition
| Parties that entered into agreements or contracts which would be hindered or restrained competition would result in a felony. Act passed by Populist who hated large business and banks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Roosevelt vs Standard Oil. Standard oil had been sued by Ohio and Standard oil broke up its business in Ohio. They claimed to be a holding company. By 1904 they controlled 91% of oil production, and most oil was used for kerosene. Standard oil was charged with unfair standards of competition, and spying on competitors. In 1911 the U.S. declared Standard Oil was an unreasonable monopoly, and must break up into 34 different companies with different boards of directors. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Fought for Oregon
b. Wrote the “Brandeis Brief” which presented statistical data and sociological evidence, not legal theory. This was a new style to law
c. He was know as the people attorney for working with average people regardless of his prestige |
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Term
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Definition
a. Labor reformer: fought mainly against sweatshops
b. Fought for an 8-hour day.
c. Muller vs. Oregon: In 1907 a small business owner was being forced to limit a 10-hour day for women. He was charged an convicted for making women work for longer than 10 hour/day. He took this case to the Supreme Court. ________ fought for Oregon. |
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Term
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Definition
a. This was used to educated recently arrived immigrants from Europe in numerous subjects
b. Developed by Jane Adams
c. Influenced the creation of almost 500 settlement houses |
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Term
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Definition
a. Famous leader of settlement house movement
b. Came from a wealthy background, and her father owned several banks. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Wrote The Jungle; followed the lives of urban workers to reveal bad conditions in the meat packing industry
2. Called attention to problems within the meat packing industry
3. Went out of his way to express the poor conditions of the struggling, working class due to capitalism
4. This book led to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906: federal law that inspects meat and other goods |
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Term
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Definition
1. Critical of standard oil. Daughter of an small business oil contractor
2. She wrote the History of the Standard oil Company (1904) which accused leaders of unfair business
3. Her fathers business was destroyed in the 1870s due to big business
4. This book provided insight in the business of standard oil and how it was unfair |
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Term
| Progressivisms (1890-1917) |
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Definition
a. Refers to anyone trying to create any sort of reform
b. Citizens were fighting for improvement of society by diverse group of reformers |
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