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| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
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Definition
| Founded by samuel Gombers in 1886, the AFL was a loose alliance of national craft unions that organized skilled workers by craft and worked for specific practical objectives such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. The AFL avoided politics, and while it did not expressly forbid black and women workers from joining, it used exclusionary practices to keep them out. |
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| This organization was formed in November 1891 to fight against the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American war. Members opposed to the acquisition of overseas colonies by the US, beleiving it would subvert American ideals and institutions. membership centered in New England; the cause was less popular in the south and west. |
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| This school of early 20th century realist painters took as their subjects the slums and streets of the nation's cities and the lives of ordinary urban dwellers. They often celebrated life in the city but advocated political and social reform. |
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| Temporary Migrants who came to the United States to work and save money and then return home to their native countries during the slack season. WWI interupted the practice, trapping thousands of migrant workers in the US. |
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| Laws passed by southern states immediately after the CIvil War in an attempt to tie freedmen to feild work and prevent them from becoming equal to white southerners |
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| Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act |
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| This act, a compromise between groups favoring the coinage of silver and those opposed to it, called for the partial coinage of silver. Those favoring silver coinage argued that it would add to the currency and help farmers and workers; those who opposed it pointed out that few other major countries accepted silver coinage. Pres. Hayes vetoed the Bland-Allison bill in 1878, but congress overrode his veto. |
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| Huge farms covering thousands of acres on the Great Plains. In relying on large size and new machinery, they represented a developement in agriculture similar to that taking place in industry. |
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| Filed by Attorney Louis D. brandeis in the Supreme Court case of Muller v. Oregon, this brief presented only two pages of legal precedents, but containted 115 pages of sociological evidence on the negative effects of long workdays on women's health and thus on women as mothers. The brief expanded the definition of legal evidence. |
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| This term was applied to Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War in order to aid in the reconstruction of the south after the Civil War in order to aid in the reconstruction of the South or to invest in the southern economy. It derives from the claim that these Northerners carried everything they owned in one bag. |
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| Legislation passed in 1882 that excluded Chinese immigrant workers for ten years and deinies US citizenship to Chinese nationals living in the US. It was the first US exclusionary law that was aimed at a specific racial group. |
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| A federal law that forbade descrimination on public conveyances (transportation) and guaranteed African Americans "full and equal employment" of such conveyances. It represented one of the last efforts on the part of the federal gov to enforce civil rights. |
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| A group of cases in 1883 in which the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Ammendment barred state governments from discriminating on the basis of race but did not prevent private individuals or organizations from doing so. The ruling dealt a major blow to the Republican party's earlier efforts to provide protection for African Americans. |
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| An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made coporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not comspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property. |
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| Committee on Public Information (CPI) |
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Definition
| Created in 1917 by pres Wilson and headed by progressive journalist George Creel, this organization rallied support for American involvement in WWI through art, advertising, and film. Creel worked out a system of voluntary censorship with the press and distributed colorful posters and pamphlets. The CPI's division of Industrial Relations rallied labopr to help the war effort. |
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| Compromise struck during the contested pres election of 1876, in which Democrats accepted the election of Rutherford B. Hayes (republican) in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the south and the ending of reconstruction. |
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| Discovered in 1859 near Verginia City Nevada, this ore deposit was the richest discovery in the history of mining. Named after PT comstock, a drifter who talked his way into partnership in the claim, between 1859 and 1879 the deposite produced silver and gold worth more than 306 million. |
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| As president Theodore Roosevelt made this principle one of his administration's top goals. Conservation in his view aimed at protection the nations natural resources, but called for the wise use of them rather than locking them away. Roosevelt's policies were opposed by those who favored preservation of the wildernaess over developement. |
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| Legislation passed by congress in 1887 that aimed at breaking up traditional Indian life by promoting individual land ownership. It divided tribal lands into small plots that were made for indian Education and eventual citizenship. The law led to corruption, exploitation, and the weakenenting of Native American Tribal culture. |
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| This policy, adopted by president William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox, sought to promote US financial and business interests abroad. It aimed to replace military alliances with economic ties, with the idea of increasing American influence and securing lasting peace. Under this policy, Taft worked in latin America to replace European loans with American ones, assumed the debts of countries such as Honduras to fend off foreign bondholders, and helped Nicaragua secure a large loan in exchange for US control of tis nationa bank. |
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| A farming technique developed to allow farming in the more arid parts of the West, where settlers had to deal with far less rainfall than they had east of the mississippi. Furrows were plowed a food or so deep and filled with a dust mulch to loosen soul and slow evaporation. |
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| This law, passed after the US entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treson or insurection. |
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| A group of about six thousand African Americans who left their homes in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in 1879, seeking freer lives in Kansas where they worked as farmers or laborers. |
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| One of the most important laws in the history of the country, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Researve Board. It was an attempt to provide the US with a sound yet flexible currency. The board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today. |
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| Ratified in 1870, this amendment prohibited the dinail or abridgment of the right to vote by federal government or state governments on the basis of race, color, or prior condition as a slave. It was inteded to guarantee African Americans the right to vote in the south. |
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| A wartime government agency that encouraged Americans to save food on order to supply the armies overseas. It fixed prices to boost production, asked people to observe meatless and wheatless days to conserve food, and promoted the planting of victory gardens behind homes, schools and churches. |
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| This Act established Puerto Rico as an unorganised US territory. Puerto Ricans were not given US citizenship, but the US president appointed the island's gov and governing council. |
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| Congress attacked the KKK with three enforcement or force acts in 1870-71. Designed to protect balck voters in the south, these laws placed state elections under federal jurisdiction and imposed fines and imprisonment on those guilty of interfering with any citizen exercizing his right to vote. |
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| jan 1918 Wilson presented these terms for a far reaching, nonpunitive settlement of WWI. He called, among other things, for tremoval of barriers to trade, open peace accords, reduction of armaments, and the establishment of a League of nations. While generous and optimistic, the points did not satisfy wartime hunger for revenge, and thus were largely rejected by European nations. |
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| Ratified in 1868, this amendment provided citizenship to ex-slaves after the civil war and constitutionally protected equal rights under the law for all citizens. Its provisions were used by radical republicans to enact a congressionally controlled reconstruction policy of the former confederate states. |
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| Agency established by congress in march 1865 to provide freedment with shelter, food, and medical aid and to help them establish schools and find employment. The bureau was disolved in 1872. |
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| Individual prospectors made the first gold strikes along the Sierra nevada mountains in 1849, touching off a mining boom that helped shape the development of the West and set the pattern for subsequent strikes in other regions. |
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| Passed by congress in 1900, this law declared gold the nation's standard currency, maening that all currency in circulation had to be redeemable on gold. The US remained on the gold standard until 1933. |
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| Members of the National Greenback party, founded in 1874 who wanted to keep wartime money (greenbacks) in circulation. They beleived that a floating currency, not tied to eitehr gold or silver, would provide releif to debtors and impoverished famers by increasing money supply. |
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| This 1903 treaty granted the US control over a canal zone ten miles wide across the isthmas of Panama. In return the US guaranteed the independence of panama and agreed to pay colombia a onetime fee of 10 mil and an annual rental of 250k |
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| On may 4, 1886 a demonstration in chicago's Haymarket Square to protest the slayings of two workers during a strike turned into a violent riot after a bombexplosion killed seven policement. |
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| A law that strenthened the rate-making power of the interstate commerce commission, again reflecting the era's desire to control the power of the railroads. |
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| Legislation granting 160 acres of land to anyone who paid a 10$ fee and pledged to live on and cultivate the land for five years. |
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| The policy of extending a nation's power through military conquest, economic domination, or annexation. |
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| Industrial Workers of the World |
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| Founded in 1905 this radical union, also known as the Wobbies, aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. |
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| Interstate Commerce COmmission |
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| Created by Congress in 1887, this agency was authorized to investigate and oversee railroad activities. It also outlawed rebates and pooling agreements. |
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| A beleif that the United States should stay out of entanglements with other nations. Popular after the Spanish American War. |
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| Founded in 1869, this labor organization pursued broad-gauged reforms as much as practical issues such a wages and hours. Welcomed all laborers regardless of race creed or sex. |
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| Policy adopted by president Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar Diplomacy." Rather than focussing maining on economic ties with other nations, wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy. |
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| Unflattering term coined by Teddy to describe the writers who made a practice of exposing the wrongdoings of public figures. |
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| Drawing on their members mainly from among the educated and upper class, these reformeds crusaded for lower tarriffs, limited federal gov, and civil service reform to end political corruption. |
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| National American Woman Suffrage Association |
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| Founded by Susan B. Anthony in 1890, this organization worked to secure women the right to vote. It stressed peace. |
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| national Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry |
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| Founded by Oliver H. Kelly in 1867, the Grange sought to relieve the drabness of farm life by providing a social, educational, and cultural outlet for its members. |
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| national Reclamation Act (New Lands Act) |
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| Passed in 1902 this legislation set aside the majority of the proceeds from the sale of public land in 16 western states to fund irrigation projects in the arid states. |
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| Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small gov. |
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| Teddy's program in his mapaign for the pres in 1912, the new Nationalism called for a natiaonl approach to the countries affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficeincy in gov. and society. |
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| A movement led by WEB Du Bois, that focussed on equal rights and the education of African American youth. |
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| Adopted by the Farmers alliand at an 1890 meating in Ocala, florida, these demands became the organization's main platform. They called for a sub treasury system to allow farmers to store their crops until they could get the best price, the free coinage of silver, an end to protective tarriffs and national banks, a fed income tax, the direct election of senators by voters, and tighter regulations on railroads. |
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| Established in a series of notes by secretary of state john hay in 1900, this policy established free trade between the US and China and attempted to enlist major european and asian nation in recognising the territorial integrity of china. |
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| The route taken by thousands of travellers from the mississippi Valley to the west coast in the last have of the nineteenth century. |
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| 1883, sought to lessen the involvement of politicians in running the gov. it created a bipartisan Civil Service commission to administer jobs. |
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| This political party was organized in 1892 by farm, labor, and reform leaders, mainly from the farmers alliance. It offered a broad-based reform platform reflecting the Ocala Demands. |
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| A form of mining the required little technology or skill, placer mining techniques included using the shovel and a washing pan to separate gold from ore in streams and riverbeds. |
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| This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized US intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. |
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| A supreme court case in 1896 that established the doctine of Separate Bit Equal. Forcing blacks and whites to ride different rail cars. |
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| a doctrine that emerged in the early 20th century , built largely on the ideas of harvard psychologist and philosophy William James. Pragmatists were impatient with theories that held truth to be abstract; they beleived that truth should work for the individual. |
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| The Reconstruction acts of 1867 divided the south into five military districts. Required black male suffrage, and to ratify the 14th amerndment. |
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| The Radical Republicans in congress headed by Thadeus Stavens and Charles Sumner, insisted on black suffrage and fed protection of civil rights of African Americans. |
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| A loose coalition of prewar Democrats, confederate army veterans, and southern Whigs who took over southern gov in the 1870's. |
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| Teddy's 1904 foreign policy statement, Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which asserted that the US would intervene in latin American affairs if the countries themeselves could not keep their affairs in order. |
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