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beginning 1908. Birthplace of the 101 Ranch Wild West Show. Owned by Miller brothers. Sort of a competitor to Buffalo Bill’s Wild West (1882). The company came late to the scene and suffered financially with the advent of motion pictures in the early 20th century.
Significance: Wild west show business was an example of turning the “myth” into bankable commercial entertainment. Conflicting legacy--did it make a caricature of Indian culture or was it realistic help build Indian solidarity through the “powwow”? |
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| American Indian Movement (AIM) |
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founded in 1968 in Minneapolis, it was the most prominent pan-Indian activist organization of the post WWII period. Best-known leaders were Dennis Banks and Russell Means. AIM used aggressive, almost militant tactics to promote its agenda of Indian sovereignty and strength. Occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1972 and a church at the site of Wounded Knee Massacre in 1973. This second demonstration garnered a lot of national attention but led to the eventual end of AIM.
Significance: pan-Indian movements were a response to (1) seeking relief from the terrible conditions on reservations and a lack of economic opportunities and (2) the need to maintain tribal identity in the face of an urbanizing Indian population. |
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| American Railway Union (ARU) |
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| founded 1893, it was the largest labor union of its time. Militant union, founded by Eugene Debs. First and only victory was in restoring the wages of workers for Great Northern Railway. Involved in the Pullman Car Company strike of 1894, joining with the company’s striking workers by boycotting Pullman Cars. President Cleveland ordered out federal troops to break up the strike, and ARU shut down all railway traffic in response. Strike was eventually broken up. Significance: Pullman strike was the high point of western protest. Demonstrates the depth of western feeling about the railroad. To some, it was the instrument of greedy, selfish men, and protests against them were noble and necessary. |
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| Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) |
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| signed into law by President Nixon in 1971, it was the largest land settlements claim in American history. The settlement extinguished Alaska Native claims to the land in return for 44 million acres and almost $1 billion, which was divided up among smaller Native corporations. Significance: the ANCSA was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska, as well as to stimulate economic development. The motivation for it was a need to remove obstacles to constructing an oil pipeline that could carry fuel from the Arctic coast to the port of Valdez. |
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| 1888-New Deal. Also called “Allotment in Severality.” Policy of discontinuing traditional Indian practice of holding property in common, and instead allotting land for individual ownership. Codified by the Allotment Act of 1888. Significance: viewed as a solution to “the Indian problem,” allotment was intended to reform Indian lifestyle (integration) and force them to convert to agriculture. Big blow to Indian communities. Accelerated the assault on Indian lands. |
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| 1930s. The first of the “Singing Cowboys” of B-western fame. Significance: Autry was a major figure in Western films, which played a big role in the Myth of the West. The loss of prestige the Western film genre experienced in the 1930 mirrored social events--the Depression lowered interest in films that glorified the American opportunity. |
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| a pseudonym for E. Z. C. Judson, a well-known writer of dime novels who in 1869 made famous the character of Buffalo Bill, based on William Cody. Buntline wrote at least twenty Buffalo Bill stories. Significance: dime novels were a huge part of creating the myth of the west. Buntline’s character emphasized its romantic aspect. |
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| founded in 1879, this was the most famous of the Indian boarding schools, which were intended to ‘civilize’ native american children and turn them away from the cultural practices that had defined their elders’ lives. These schools epitomize the cultural imperialism that characterized much of the era’s assault on Indian autonomy. |
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| during the 1960s, Chavez was an active community organizer in California, who headed up the United Farm Workers organization. The UFW scored several important victories, especially after an influential nationwide grape boycott. Chavez and his contemporaries were critical actors in the “rise of a broad political and cultural renaissance among Mexican Americans in the Southwest.” |
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| in 1882, following a series of anti-Chinese riots and growing anti-Chinese sentiment, Congress passed this act, which suspended further immigration of “all persons of the Chinese race” for ten years. It was renewed and extended until becoming permanent as part of the Immigration Restriction Act of 1924. It reflects the fear that influxes of Chinese workers prompted, despite their integral role in building railroads and infastructure in the previous decades. |
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| this dime-novel-type series (1835-1856) provided a fictionalized account of Davy Crockett, Congressman and western hero, recounting his crazy feats long after he’d been killed at the Alamo. In defying all the rules of civilized society, he provided a pop-cultural alternative to Victorian mores, and his ribald adventures found a wide audience in those obsessed with the western myth. |
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| born in 1846, Cody was a western adventurer immortalized by dime novelist Ned Buntline in over 1500 novels as “the greatest scout in the west.” Capitalizing on this fame, he crafted the largest and most successful Wild West show, which embodied mythology and converted history into melodrama. His touring show was characterized by over-the-top reenactments and lavish exhibitions, and it’s debatable to what extent they are responsible for the stereotypes associated with the west. |
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| inspired by his experiences with Pueblo culture, he initiated a new spirit of American Indian relations, which was carried through into his appointment as commisioner of Indian affairs in 1933. He spearheaded the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act, the so-called “Indian New Deal” which provided much more cultural support and autonomy than had ever been provided. This legislation established the incredibly important precedent of emphasizing tribal sovereignty, which would become fundamental to Indian law in the second half of the twentieth century. (however, his treatment of the Navajo tribe, whose grazing habits were endangering Hoover Dam’s productivity, have been criticized, damaging a vulnerable native economy to the point of collapse and dependency on the federal dole) |
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| (c. 1880/90s) the grand finale of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, this featured a galloping victory lap of all the company’s players, proudly displaying the American flag. This was the tour de force of the historical reenactments that the show lived on. This spectacle was meant to illustrate “the inevitable law of the survival of the fittest.” |
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| Seen as a solution to "The Indian Problem," this 1888 legislation divided up reservations into 160-acre allotments for individual Indian families. Instead of collective ownership, they'd be expected to take care of the land themselves - an effort to absorb tribes into the American nation and disband loyalties. The most destructive blow to Indian communities in the reservation system. |
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| a term coined by California journalist Carey McWilliams to describe the lifestyle/work practices of migratory farm workers in California (including the Chinese and, later, the Japanese immigrants at the end of the 19th century). He wrote a book on the subject with the title “Factories in the Field” in 1939 that was an expose of the massive damage that the development of corporate agriculture did. Here’s another description: McWilliams starts with the scandals of the Spanish land grant purchases, and continues on to examine the experience of the various ethnic groups that have provided labor for California's agricultural industry—Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans, Filipinos, Armenians—the strikes, and the efforts to organize labor unions. |
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| Farm Security Administration |
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| government administration formed during the Depression to try to combat/alleviate rural poverty. It was famous for its photography program, which hired photographers like Dorothea Lange to document the program’s efforts |
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| a group that responded to the social and political needs of the farming communities, made up of isolated homesteaders, out West. It took shape in Texas in the 1870’s and then spread to hundreds of local groups throughout the rural South, the Great Plains, and the Rocky Mountain states. It reflected the forming of a collective consciousness among the homesteaders, as distanced as they were from each other. Its appeal lay in its affirmation of American values, and though at first it just sought to create cooperative grain elevators and trade exchanges, it soon became political, helping to found the People’s Party. That party aimed to fight against big corporations for more socialist goals that would benefit the common person: it wanted government ownership of transportation systems, and the return of all unsold railroad land to the public domain, among other demands. |
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| film director, the master of Westerns in the beginning of the 20th century (1917 was his first movie, and he kept making them through post-World War II). Stagecoach, which he directed in 1939, was the most influential Western he ever made and maybe the most influential Western ever. At the end of his career, he made movies where his take on the frontier grew increasingly sour - movies that showed the terrible ramifications of Indian-hating, and depictions of the black Buffalo soldiers in the frontier army. His last Western made a case for the Indians. His trajectory of thought about the frontier reflected the thoughts of many people, who had started to doubt the idyllic vision of it. |
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| a dance that emerged from the vison of Wovoka, a shaman among the Paiutes of Nevada. He said that the Great Spirit had told him that if the Indians all acted as brothers, didn’t resort to violence, avoided alcohol, and practiced a ritual that involved five days of worship by slow dancing and meditation, then the white man would disappear ultimately and dead Indians would rejoin the living. It spread rapidly among the tribes of the far West. All the Sioux chiefs were captured in response, because the dance was perceived as a threat. Sitting Bull was killed, and a few days later the Seventh Cavalry chased down Big Foot and his band of ghost dancers at an encampment on Wounded Knee Creek and killed the dancers in what would become known as the Massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890. |
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| a San Francisco Italian born of immigrant parents who opened a bank called Banca d’Italia in North Beach. He invented the idea of consumer banking, offering small loans to ordinary people at reasonable interest rates. His bank soon became Bank of America and has 280 branches scattered throughout the West by 1930, when it changed its name. It later helped fund New Deal contractors in the West and also helped fund Hollywood when it was making Westerns. |
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| a New Deal dam built in 1933-1942 on the Columbia that was three times the size of the Hoover Dam, built by Kaiser and, again, largely financed by Bank of America. |
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| "The Great Train Robbery" |
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| made in 1903, it was the first motion picture to tell a complete story, and also the first movie Western. Directed by Edwin S. Porter, it was based on the 1901 holdup of the eastbound Union Pacific by a gang known as the Wild Bunch, led by “Butch” Cassidy and the “Sundance Kid.” It had a huge impact on future films - it was wildly successful, and the Western dominated Hollywood after that. |
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| a Midwestern dentist who wrote Riders of the Purple Sage, a hugely successful Western novel, in 1912. He wrote a total of fifty-six westerns and sold at least seventeen million novels, had tons of bestsellers. More than a hundred Hollywood movies were based on his novels between WWI and WWII. |
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| Leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and prominent socialist in the 1910’s. Convicted of espionage during the first red scare in 1917, fled to Russia. |
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| a valley in Yosemite National Park that was flooded in the early 1920s (the gov’t passed the act that allowed the flooding of the valley in 1913) after the building of a dam for diverting water to Los Angeles for “domestic use” (which Roosevelt decided was the highest use to which water could be put); the loss of the Hetch Hetchy Valley was a critical loss for preservationists, became a “cautionary tale” |
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| nephew of Southern Pacific railroad mogul Collis Huntington, by 1900 he was the biggest landowner in SoCal, owned the interurban rail system Pacific Electric; he laid out his land and organized the interurban rail to encourage sprawling growth, “initiated the southern California sprawl” |
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| an American transportation businessman (the “Stagecoach King”) in the mid-19th century, he controlled stage lines in California and cross-country routes |
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| 1862; secession of Southern congressmen allowed for the passing of the Homestead Act, which made anyone over 21 (both men and women) eligible to claim up to 160 acres of surveyed land with the catch that they had to cultivate the land and live on it for at least five years, after which they got the title to the land; the Homestead Act encouraged the idea that the U.S. was rich enough (resource-wise and money-wise) to provide everyone with free land, made the west a place of opportunity (in the minds of many) |
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| also known as the Indian Reorganization Act, passed in 1934; put an end to the gov’t campaign of repression, inaugurated an era of Indian cultural freedom, ended the policy of allotment; represented a dramatic departure from previous Indian policy |
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| during the 1930s, he was known as the New Deal’s “favorite businessman;” he was an industrialist who led contracting companies that helped build Hoover Dam, and then later Grand Coulee Dam; he was financed by Bank of America, which was financed by the New Deal’s Reconstruction Finance Corporation; this whole arrangement is known as “state capitalism,” in which the federal government invests in development projects, esp. happened in the west and was responsible for transforming the west into an industrial economy |
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| a representative of the Workingman’s Party of California, appealed to prejudices against Chinese workers on the Central Pacific Railroad during the 1877 strike against the railroad in San Francisco, his statements led to anti-Chinese rioting for three days; Kearney’s racist populism was present throughout the west during the 1870s and 80s |
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- one of the most notable post-WWII planned communities
- mass-produced cookie-cutter houses going on for miles in these vast suburban developments just outside every city
- Lakewood was one of the prototypes for this concept
- it was in places like Lakewood that the “west” way of life became popular
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- female photographer during the Depression/New Deal (1930s)
- took a lot of pictures of Okies, migrant workers, farmers in CA
- work was about capturing individuals in a moment (a lot of despairing moments)
- focus on faces, hands...making people stand out from the crowd
- worked for Resettlement Administration from 1936 onwards, taking photos for the gov’t
- Migrant Mother series -- probably good to know
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- dime novel published in 1860 by Beadle’s Dime Novels
- considered by many to be the “first dime novel”
- immensely popular b/c of its sensationalist style -- sold 65000+ copies w/in months
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- One of the Japanese internment camps during WWII (active 1942-1945)
- Japanese internment is an example of the continued racism in the society of the American West, even in the mid-20th century
- eventually admitted to be a huge mistake by US gov’t -- reparations paid to families
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- late 19th- and early 20th-century naturalist and author
- very dedicated to preservaton of the American West, the Sierra Nevadas, etc.
- Founded Sierra Club in 1890s
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- woman who was in Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West show
- began working with Cody in 1885, did for the next 15 years
- she was a trick-shot artist -- shooting playing cards, etc.
- representative of the tough, outdoorsy frontier woman
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| Rural Electrification Administration |
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| 1936 bill promoted by Rep. Sam Rayburn of Texas that was designed to provide access to electricity in rural areas. It expanded access to electricity to tens of thousands of rural homes and farms, and was part of a major effort to build infrastructure in the South and West during the 1930s. |
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| A way of thinking about the vast, open and free landmass of the American West that dominated the public’s conception of it for the 18th and 19th centuries, and in particular motivated the Homestead Act of 1862. Expansion to the West was seen as a potential cure for economic depression, a territorial safety valve, where tensions were reduced by virtue of space. Like a safety valve releases pressure from a boiler, the territorial safety valve of the West eases the pressure of unemployment. The Homestead Act embodied this theory, providing 160 acres of free land for any (presumably unemployed) person who desired it. |
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| A consortium of Western contractors responsible for building the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River between 1931 and 1936 led by Henry Kaiser, who would go on to build the Grand Coulee Dam and the Golden Gate Bridge. Kaiser’s six companies were financed by Bank of America in San Francisco, which was financed by the federal government; part of the birth of major corporations during the rebuilding after the depression. |
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| Economics professor at the University of California—Berkeley who contracted Dorothea Lange to photograph Mexican immigrants for a project he was working on. The two fell in love, divorced their respective spouses and were married in 1935. Together the two documented the story of the depression through Lange’s photographs and in 1939 published a work “American Exodus” that told the vivid and often tragic story of migrant farmworkers in the depression. |
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| native-born, Spanish-speaking Mexicans in Texas prior to it joining the U.S. in 1846. Eventually the Tejanos were driven out of Texas by the Texians (or Americans in Texans), who hated all things Spanish after the Mexican War. |
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| 1950s era Indian policy made official with 1953 act of Congress that sought to “terminate” all official relations between the U.S. government and Indian nations by assimilating the Indians entirely into mainstream U.S. society and eliminating their sovereignty as nations altogether. It struck at that which Indians held dear — land, culture, hunting and fishing rights, etc. Only a few tribes were ever terminated before the policy itself was terminated in 1968. |
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| massive 800-mile oil pipeline constructed from 1974 to 1977 after concerns about the 1973 spike in oil prices led Americans to look inward for fuel sources. The pipeline connects the rich North Slope oil fields in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska to the southern port of Valdez, Alaska. It continues to operate to this day, even after the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Prince William Sound sent as many as 750,000 barrels of oil into the sea. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was a crucial first step in the exploitation of Alaska’s oilfields, and while it has brought much economic activity to the state, it has been heavily criticized by environmentalists. |
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| an American historian from who famously developed the 1893 “Frontier Thesis”; Turner argued that the existence of an area of free land and the advance of settlement westward explain the path of American development; he essentially equated the history of America with the history of the colonization of the West; he also famously concluded that the frontier was closed by the end of the 19th century, thus ending the first period of American history. However, Turner’s notion of the “closed frontier” was largely a myth, in that far more land in the trans-Mississippi West was taken up in the years after 1890 than in the years before, and that, using Turner’s own definition of the term “unsettled,” there are still dozens of unsettled counties in the West to this day. Nevertheless, the “closing of the frontier” became part of the myth, and encouraged the discovery of new frontiers overseas. |
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| "Uncle Sam is Rich Enough . . ." |
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- to buy us all a farm - Homestead boosterism after 1862 Homestead Act
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| United Farm Workers (UFW) |
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| independent farm workers’ organization founded in 1965 by Cesar Chavez; the UFW was the first such organization since the 1930s; they launched their first strike against grape growers of California’s Central Valley in 1966; the UFW launched a nationwide grape boycott that had widespread impact; Ronald Reagan, then governor of California, was forced to plead with Americans to buy more grapes, and President Nixon ordered the department of defense to buy tons more than they needed, sending planeloads to troops in Vietnam; in 1970, the grape growers relented and began signing union contracts; in the mid 1970s, with the support of the sympathetic Governor Jerry Brown, the UFW raised the wages and living standards of its members; there was significant slippage during the conservative 1980s, and by 1993 the UFW was in disarray; however, it began a revival under new leadership in the late 1990s; ultimately, Chavez and the UFW were a critical component in the rise of a broad political and cultural renaissance among Mexican Americans in the Southwest |
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| novel published in 1902 by Owen Wister; The Virginian was a runaway best seller, and the most influential and widely read of all western novels. This novel portrayed the West as a fundamentally masculine place that could restore health and re-create American men as self-reliant individuals; The Virginian is staged as series of tests of manhood, in which the hero rides at the head of a posse that captures and lynches a group of cattle rustlers, confronts the outlaw Trampas, and shoots him dead in the main street of town; the hero rises from cowboy to foreman, stressing the opportunities open to men with intelligence and industry in the West; The Virginian heavily stresses the masculine values of the West |
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| an author of the late 19th and early 20th century who was a major figure in the popularization of the myth of the frontier; he was a classmate of Theodore Roosevelt at Harvard, and in 1885 went West on a doctor’s orders to work as a manager of a ranch in Wyoming; he self-consciously conceived of his western experience as a test of his manhood; he soon returned east, but for the next fifteen years he spent his summers in Wyoming; he began publishing short stories, essays, and novels in the 1890s, and achieved ultimate success in 1902 with The Virginian, the most influential and widely read of all western novels; Wister’s work emphasized the masculine nature of the west, and portrayed the west as a sort of masculine paradise |
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site in South Dakota on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation that was the location of a massacre of Lakota Sioux under the leadership of Big Foot on December 29, 1890; in December, the seventh cavalry was dispatched in response to the perceived threat of the ghost dance movement; before they arrived, Sioux ghost dancers led by Chief Big Foot took refuge in an unmapped region known as the Bad Lands in the northwest corner of the reservation; in response, federal officials ordered the arrest of all traditional chiefs; during his arrest, Sitting Bull was shot and killed; a few days afterwards, the Seventh Cavalry caught up with Big Foot and his band at Wounded Knee Creek; as the Sioux were being disarmed, a gun went off, and trigger happy troops raked the Indian camp with gunfire, massacring 146 Indians, including 44 women and 18 children; the casualties were then unceremoniously buried in a mass grave.
in 1973, members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) protested the treatment of Indians by the federal government by arming themselves and occupying a church at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre; the protesters were besieged by FBI agents and federal marshals with automatic weapons, tanks, and helicopters; many Americans saw the incident as a replay of the nineteenth-century Indian wars, although this time opinion polls suggested that the majority sympathized with the Indians; the incident was a public relations disaster for the government, and after seventy-one days the occupiers finally surrendered with federal promises of negotiations; after the incident the FBI hounded AIM to extinction, and many tribal Indians considered the occupation a disaster |
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| late 19th century Indian prophet responsible for the developement of the “ghost dance movement”;; in response to the increasing assault on Indian culture by the federal government, Wovoka preached that Indians should band together, give up alcohol, live simple lives, and dedicate themselves to meditation and prayer; Wovoka foresaw a day when the white man would disappear. Wovoka’s followers developed his message into a ritual that included five days of worship by slow dancing and meditation, known as the “Ghost Dance”; Wovoka’s message spread rapidly among the tribes throughout the Far West; Wovoka’s message was one of pacifism, but traditional Sioux people and their chiefs transformed his message into something more militant and confrontational; Sioux men, women, and children, came together for rituals lasting several days and nights, singing and dancing themselves into trances; the ghost dancers frightened Indian agents into calling in the Seventh Cavalry to put down the movement, ultimately resulting in the massacre at Wounded Knee; |
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| 1943 riot, in which hundreds of American sailors flooded into East LA, assaulting young Mexican Americans and African Americans, stripping them of their clothes, and beating them senseless as the police stood by and white bystanders cheered; these riots occurred in response to the rise of pachuco gangs , in which young Mexican Americans, impatient with their immigrant parents, yet outraged by racism and segregation, adopted a defiant cultural style that included slang speaking in a distinctive “Span-glish” argot, dressing in the long coats and pegged pants of the zoot-suiter, joining gangs, and “rumbling” in the streets; these riots reflect centuries-long conflict over acculturation and assimilation that lies at the heart of the American West, and the long-simmering fears of many Westerners over the rapid influx of Mexican immigrants into the US in the 1920s |
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a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940).
Millions of acres of farmland became useless, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to leave their homes; many of these families (often known as "Okies", since so many came from Oklahoma) migrated to California and other states, where they found economic conditions little better during the Great Depression than those they had left |
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Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live.
Local relief agencies, such as the Kansas Freedman's Relief Association, did try to provide aid, but they could never do enough to meet the needs of the impoverished migrants. The Exodusters continued coming to Kansas through the summer of 1880; then the movement died out |
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an oil tanker that gained notoriety in 1989 after running aground in Prince William Sound spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil in Alaska.
A testament to the environmental toll that commercial concerns wreaked on the rapidly developing state. |
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Commissioner of Indian Affairs during US Grant's presidency, he condemned the treaty system for falsely impressing the indians with notions of their own independence.
This led to an 1870 Supreme Court ruling that allowed Congress to supersede and/or annul indian treaties.
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This fertile area was stripped clean of its water with the construction of the LA Aqueduct, completed in 1913. This was one of the most massive engineering projects in American history.
(this also led to an incredible scandal by which wealthy LA citizens had bought up land around the newly fertile San Fernando Valley, and having bought it when it was still arid and valueless, they made a fortune). |
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| Very active in forestry since being appointed chief forester of the US in 1898, Pinchot became Theodore Roosevelt's top environmental advisor, and the two of them crafted a "wise use" policy based around conservationism, scientific forest management, and an activist federalist state managing the western environment. |
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| "In an influential 1934 jeremiad in Harper's, Bernard De Voto argued that the East had created the west as a colonial dependency, had plundered its natural resources, and didn't give a damn for its economic development." this fit into the old western complaint of colonial exploitation, and would help shore up FDR's reasoning in building infastructure in this region - only by securing the entire nation will the entire nation survive. |
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| "by the late 1820s Cincinnati had become the nation's unrivaled meat-packing champion, crowned "queen city' by local boosters but better known as "Porkopolis"...stealing business from Lexington and Louisville |
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a domestic style that originated in southern California between the wars, inspired by nineteenth century haciendas. By the early 1940s the basic design was showing up everywhere.
horizontal orientation
conjured up dreams and myths of the west and its concordant lifestyle. |
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