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| First 10 amendments to the Constitution; protected individual's rights |
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| Enacted in 1787, significant achievements of Articles of Confederation; established a system for becoming a state in the western territories |
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| George Washington & Precedent |
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| Precedent - act/statement becoming example to be followed; GW - how long term should be, title Mr. President, etc. |
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| group of federal leaders; advisers to the President |
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| Washington's secretary of state; 3rd pres.; ambassador to France; didn't believe in strong central government; founded Jeffersonian party |
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| Washington's Treasury Secretary; officer in Revolutionary Army; believed in s.c. government; founded federalist party |
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| Hamilton's Financial Plan |
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| assuption -> 1) tariff - tax on imported goods 2) Bank of US established in 1791 |
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| Hamilton establishes in 1791; benefited Northerners |
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| started when Jefferson opposed Hamilton's Financial Plan |
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| (Jeffersonian) Republicans |
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| strict view of constitution; favored weak central government; opposed National Bank |
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| loose view of constitution; favored strong central government; favored National Bank |
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| Washington's VP (federalist) & 2nd President; ran and won pres. elections in 1796 & 1800 |
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| 1794 - caused by opposition to tax on whiskey; 12,000 men of US army were sent to stop the riots |
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| French agents demanded 10 million in bribe; Americans refused bribe; led to undeclared naval war |
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| 1) gave president power to arrest & deport foreign citizens 2) naturalization increased from 5 to 14 yrs 3) 'false' accusations on government led to trials |
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| rejection, as in when a state judges a federal law to be unconstitutional |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| argued that states had right to nullify a law; showed their defiance of federal power |
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| powers that the Constitution neither gives to federal government nor denies to states |
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| last-minute appointments of judges with the Federalist beliefs made by Adams just before Jefferson took office |
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| Federalist leader; Chief Justice under Adams in 1801; held power for 34 years |
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| power of federal courts to review state laws & state court decisions to determine if they are Constitutional |
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| 1803 Supreme court case (established judicial review); Marbury was refused spot of justice by Madison when Madison was appointed as midnight judge |
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| US bought French territory in 1803 for $15 million |
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| Journey by Lewis & Clark through Louisiana Purchase in 1804-1806 |
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| Jefferson & expansion/limits on government power |
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| Jefferson believed in weak central government, but he bought Louisiana; no document said he couldn't |
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| 1807 - outlawed almost all trade with foreign countries; really only hurt the US |
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| process by which people of one culture are forced to merge with another |
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| 1811 - in Indian Territory between US & Native Americans |
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| 4th US President; called father of Constitution |
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| act of forcing people into military service; British attacked US ships and stole people for service |
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| Britain was being blamed for Indian attacks on US villages; impressment/Chesapeake Incident |
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| Treaty of Ghent ends war; US loses; no land exchanged |
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| signed in1814; ended War of 1812 |
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| 1820 - agreement calling for admission of MO as a slave state; ME as a free state; no slavery above 36⁰ 30' N parallel |
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| religious movement in early 1800s |
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| 1819 - treaty between US & Spain; Spain ceded Florida to US |
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| US should expand to its natural borders (sea to sea) |
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| from Independence, MO to Oregon; used by pioneers to the west in 1840s |
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| small town where groups would meet to cross trails to the west |
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| 1848 - mass migration to California following the discovery of gold |
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| US took Texas from Mexico |
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| machine that separates seeds from raw cotton; invented by Eli Whitney |
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| most slaves work in a field, some learn local trade; backbreaking agricultural work |
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| PRODUCTS: coal, manufacturing LABOR SOURCE: mostly machines |
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| PRODUCTS: cotton LABOR SOURCE: slaves |
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| common 1850s nickname for states from SC - TX; economies relied almost completely on cotton |
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| runaway, slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia |
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| nationalist, 5th president, begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings |
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| Declaration by Pres Monroe in 1823; by John Q Adams; US would oppose efforts of any other nation to control any part of the Western Hemisphere |
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| author of Monroe Doctrine, Adams-Onis Treaty, Secretary of State under Monroe |
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| Jackson & Adams were against each other, eventually congress was given the decision with Clay in charge; Clay made Adams win and in turn, Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State |
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| government & democracy changes; common man became more powerful |
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| National nominating convention |
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| delegates from the states gather to decide on the party's presidential nominee; replaced the caucus system |
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| giving appointed offices as rewards from the successful party in an election |
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| nickname for Andrew Jackson because people felt he had too much power |
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| 1830 - law calling for Pres to give land to Native Americans in part of LA Purchase in exchange for land taken from them in the east |
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| forced movement of Chrokees in 1838 to land west of the Mississippi River |
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| believed in strong government & against Jackson; want to improve country with roads, buildings, etc. |
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| Jackson's VP, pres of US & Jacksonian-Democrat; voted of of office during panic of 1831 |
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| VP to Martin Van Buren; pres after Harrison dies; southern Democrat |
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| against Van Buren for Presidency, won; died 1 month after taking office from pneumonia; military hero |
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| tanscendentalist; wrote Walden; against Mexican War; didn't pay taxes and went to jail |
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| an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption |
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| reformer, MA; mostly about education; against slavery |
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| people against slavery and expansion of slavery |
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| network of escape routes that provided protection & transportation for slaves fleeing north |
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| conductor on underground railroad; freed more than 300 slaves |
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| former slave who advocated freedom |
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| white abolitionist; wrote the Liberator |
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| freed slave who promoted religious ideals & abolition of slavery (Isabella Baumfree) |
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| female activist who organized Seneca Falls Convention |
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| 1848 - 1st women's rights convention in US |
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| policy of favoring native - born Americans over immigrants |
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| Controversial novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe about slavery |
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| president; democrat; went to war with Mexico for Manifest Destiny |
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| between US & Mexico from 1846 - 1848; US wins land |
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| Whig; winner of 1848 presidency; issues were slavery |
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| agreement designed to stop expansion of slavery |
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| wrote Compromise of 1850 & Missouri Compromise; statesman from KY; founder of Whig Party; was never president |
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| Texas thought its border was the Rio Grand/Mexico thought its border was the Nueces River; led to Mexican War |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo |
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| signed in 1848; ends Mexican War |
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| Treaty of 1846 put it 49⁰ parallel |
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| after the Mexican War US gained this land (SW section) for $15 million |
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| 30,000 square miles from Mexico in present-day NM & AZ for $10 million |
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| opposed Compromise of 1850; senator of SC |
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| 13th President & promoted Compromise of 1850; whig and northerner |
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| series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas on the issue of slavery in the territories |
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| person dedicated to preventing expansion of slavery into western territories |
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| 1854 - law that called for creation of the two territories; popular sovereignty would be in the territories |
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| Part of Compromise of 1850; law ordering all citizens of US to return slaves |
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| formed in 1850s to end EXPANSION of slavery |
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| policy of letting people in a territory decide if slavery would be allowed there |
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| 1857 - Supreme court decision stating slaves were not citizens, living in a free state did not make you free; Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional |
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| John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry |
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| Brown led an attack on a pro-slavery settlement |
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| disputes all over territory led to violence |
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| 1850 - Douglas was going to abolish slavery; southerners didn't like this |
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| Lincoln wins vs. Douglas & John Bell |
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| President of Confederate States of America (CSA) |
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| In civil war: DE, MD, KY, MI, (WV in later years); had slaves but did not join the confederacy |
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| in harbor of Charleston; confederate attack here marked start of war |
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| against slavery & to stop expansion (not necessarily abolish it) |
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| Larger population (21 v. 9 million); diversified economy; industrialized; control of sea; food production; more railroad & telegraph lines |
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| 'home field advantage'; better leadership; civilians used to guns; cotton? NO - couldn't be traded |
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| by Winfield Scott; union's plan to win war; 1) gain control of MS river and split CSA in two 2) Naval Blockade 3) defend Washington & maintain constant pressure on Richmond |
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| war of attrition; mainly defensive war; try to get foreign countries as allies |
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| taught US that war would be long and bloody |
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| During Civil War, an antiwar Northern Democrat |
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