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| Land bridge connecting Asia and North America that is now submerged beneath the Bering Sea. |
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| The gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops, such as corn and beans, that occurred worldwide from seven thousand to nine thousand years ago. |
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| Eastern Woodland Cultures |
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| Term given to Indians from the Northeast region who lived on the Atlantic coast and supplemented farming with seasonal hunting and gathering. |
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| The exchange of plants, animals,culture, and diseases between Europe and the Americans from the first contact throughout the era of Exploration. |
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| Sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers, often of noble birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the New World. |
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| Treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 to resolve competing land claims of Spain and Portugal in the New World. It divided the world along a north-south line in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, granting to Spain all lands west of the line and to Portugal lands east of the line. |
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| An exploitative labor system designed by Spanish rulers to reward conquistadores in the New World by granting them local villages and control over native labor. |
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| Catholic religious figure who served as a powerful symbol of Mexican nationalism in wars for independence against spain |
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| Literally translated "forest runners," these french traders followed Canada's rivers to the heart of the continent in search of new sources for fur. |
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| Sixteenth-century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church, associated with figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin |
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| Fleet of hundreds of Spanish vessels sent by Phillip II of Spain to invade England in 1588 |
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| Business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commercial trading activity and funding for sustaining colonies. |
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| An elective representative assembly in colonial Virginia. It was the first example of representative government in the English colonies. |
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| system of land distribution through which settlers were granted a 50-acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant or dependent they transported to the New World. Encouraged the recruitment of a large servile labor force. |
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| Individuals who contracted to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of boat transport to america. This was the dominant form of labor in the Chesapeake colonies before the rise of African slavery |
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| Agreement among the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at plymouth Colony |
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| Members of reformed Protestant sects in Europe and America who insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from popular religious practice. |
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| Migration of sixteen thousand Puritan men and women from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1630s |
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| Religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possess saving grace and affirming that an individual could experience divine revelation and salvation without the assistance of formally trained clergy |
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| members of a radical religious group, formally known as the society of Friends, who rejected formal theology and stressed each persons "Inner Light" a spiritual guide to righteousness |
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| slaving company created to meet colonial planters demands for black laborers |
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| an economic theory that shaped imperial policy throughout the colonial period, it was built on the assumption that the worlds wealth was a fixed supply. In order to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported. |
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| certain essential raw materials produced in the North American colonies, such as tobacco, sugar, and rice, specified in the navigation acts which stipulated that these goods could only be shipped to England and its colonies. |
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| a series of commercial restrictions passed by parliament intended to regulate colonial commerce in such a way as to favor Englands accumulation of wealth |
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| An armed rebellion in Virginia (1675-1676)led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colony's royal governor, Sir William Berkeley. Although some of his followers called for an end of special privilege in government, bacon was chiefly interested in gaining a larger share of the lucrative Indian trade. |
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| Wampanoag chief, also known as King Philip, who declared war against the colonies in 1675 |
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| Incorporation of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth, New York, New Jersey, and New Hampshire under a single appointed royal governor that lasted from 1686 to 1689 |
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| Overthrow of James II, an admitted Catholic, and acceptance of his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of orange as joint monarchs who promised to uphold the constitution |
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| In the salem witch trials, the court allowed reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appeared as the devils agent |
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