Term
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Definition
-colonists who by some overt action supported the Crown during the revolution (refused to denounce allegiance to the King or swear on oath to the new republic, signed petitions or bore arms for Britain)
-discriminated against by Patriots and many left the country (60-80,000) post war
-despite stereotype, not all wealthy, but saw British government as the best and most free |
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Term
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Definition
Derived from British political parties of the 18th cent.
-used as slang for Patriots and Loyalists
-had nothing to do with political ideologies of the parties (both American groups would have been Whigs) |
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Definition
-One of the many religious groups to come to America (William Penn of PA)
-Pacifists- discriminated against for not fighting against the British- incurred abuse of ppl and property |
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Term
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Definition
-Had not had similar issues as those of the states b/c provincial governments did not exist (directly ruled)
-All military and diplomatic (Charles Carol and B Franklin) missons failed
-seen as backwards and counter revolutionary and a place where many loyalists fled-advocated assemblies upon arrival (especially in Quebec) |
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Term
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Definition
-The British divided Quebec into Lower and Uppoer Canada, each receiving an assembly
-in lower, French civil law continued and Catholicism protected
-in upper (closest to states), English civil law established |
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Term
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Definition
1768- (Similar to Walking Purchase)- The Iroquois, claiming to speak for many other tribes ncluding Cherokee, Shawnee and Delaware, ceded land in negotiations without the knowledge of those tribes
-Lord Dunmore's War war thru VA w/ Indian tribes and disputes of land in GA and thru South |
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Term
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Definition
-At the beginning of the Revolution, hoped to play colonists and British off each other- epidemic hit in 1777 in main tribe of 5 nations which shattered unity
-many went to Canada
-For many N. American nations, there was not a united front so some fought for both sides-others saw as an opportunity to fulfill Neolin's prophecy- needed protection and trade partners from one of the sides |
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Term
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Definition
-Was only a phase in the battle for the OH Valley
-tried staying neutral but couldn't
-participation was never total- political fragmentation and total war on their land- fighting continues to 1795/1815 |
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Term
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Definition
-Very divided
-one faction led by "Dragging canoe" wanted to attack Americans, esp. after some N. Americans had been attacked by colonists thinking they were another tribe
-3/4 of land was lost and 1/2 town destroyed
-efforts by many to maintain peace were forgotten by the end of the war and they were pushed further west |
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Term
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Definition
The most profound disaster for N. Amer: no mention of Indian ppl who had helped American cause and who's territory belonged to who (lands that could be sold to pay debt)
-brought temporary lull in hostilities but not peace
-deprived them of allies and trading partners
-could not stop fighting in backcountry
-treaties specified what land they did not convey |
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Term
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Definition
Major labor system is slave labor- dominant first in Carib for British
-350,000 slaves- 90% in South
-based on the production of a commodity that could command an int'l market (rice, tobacco, sugar, cotton)
-to maintain this society- exclusion and paternalism |
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Term
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Definition
-A society where slvaery exists but is not the dominant labor force
-North and port cities |
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Term
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Definition
| 1739, A group of escaped slaves burned plantations and killed white slave owners in South Carolina. They were met by a militia and brutally defeated. It reinforced all of the fears of whites for slave insurrections, this being one of the biggest. They were on their way to freedom in Spanish Florida |
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Term
| Lord Dunmore's Proclamation |
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Definition
November 7, 1775- declares martial law in VA and all who refuse to defend the British are traitors
-any slave of a rebel is free to leave and take up arms with the British- encouraged slave insurrections
-response to slaves themselves who went to him, asking for freedom in exchange for bearing arms for the Brits. |
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Term
| Rhode Island's First Regiment |
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Definition
In 1777, G Wash allowed the formation of an all black regiment from Providence (port cities had large slave populations) with the prospect of freedom
-worried some for the precedent it would send |
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Term
| Women's Importance in Non-importation |
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Definition
Women bought for the households and were expected to maintain a certain level of luxury
-times were hard before non importation and it was difficult to live up to the standards- with this movement, it was publically scrutinized so the choices women made from the goods they bought became political and important |
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Term
| The Edenton Women's Resolves, 1774 |
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Definition
-51 women in NC declared allegiance to the patriot cause and would do all they could tohelp
-shows women's level of dedication to the cause despite an inability to formally participate
-was followed up with organizations like the Daughters of Liberty and Spinning Bees |
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Term
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Definition
-Women's role in the Republic post-war: The woman's place is still in the household and to teach her children good republican values so that they are well educated, virtuous citizens
-women needed to be well versed in civics, politics and history to do so
-maintained political segregation
-their daughters would be those participating in the first regiment of the suffrage movement in the 1850s. |
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Term
| Adam Smith and the "Wealth of Nations" |
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Definition
-Argues against government interaction in market price for the good of all (Moral Economy)
-claimed that supply and demand would fairly regulate price
-compatible with liberalism b/c of the focus on the individual and protection of property
-becomes the founding document of capitalism and economics |
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Term
| Northwest Ordinance, 1787 |
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Definition
-Arguable the only good product of the Articles of Confederation
-provided for the creation and admission of new states in the NW Territory-equal footing as older states
-established a precedent for banning slavery in specific territories |
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Term
| Problems with the Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
-Congress could request funds but not compel states to comply (couldn't pay debts)
-foreign policy in disarray-treaties signed when they shouldn't have been
-no central authority to compel states to act in unison
-lacked authority to regulate interstate commerce
-constant quarreling among states |
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Term
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Definition
-MA raised taxes to pay debt but had to be paid in specie (not depreciating paper money)
-farmers foreclosed on and sent to prison
-peaceful protests failed so they closed court and set some prisoners free
-called themselves "Regulators"
-elite concerned they were trying to redistribute wealth-financed militia to fight them
-wound down by June 1786 |
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Term
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Definition
Women were unable to control their own wealth- could not own property, sue or be sued, completely dependent on husband
-only way to be removed was staying single or being widowed and not remarrying |
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Term
| Massachusetts State Constitution, 1775 |
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Definition
-Created after Coercive Acts revoked MA's charter
-based on their royal charter and showed a distinct link btwn the two, written by sitting legislatures
-was eventually rewritten due to inadequacies
-did not mark a major change, quite conservative- represented 1 of 2 ways to write state constitutions |
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Term
| Pennsylvania State Constitution 1776 |
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Definition
-Represents the 2nd approach to making state constitutions: new gov't necessary for sovereignty and making it the voice of the people
-constitutional conventions w/ delegates elected by people
-broader electorate, unicameral and a council but no executive
-later rewritten because it was seen as too radical |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
Drafted by John Dickinson
-tried to play to colonial fears of an executive and gov't too far from the people
- was the first nat'l charter for the 13 states, ratified in 1781
-created a coalition of sovereign states with little centralized power |
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Term
| Maryland Constitution 1776 |
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Definition
Led by Charles Carol- "clever bargain"
-used an electoral college system to remove gov't from the people and maintain elite power
-but elite suffered high taxes. |
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Term
| Massachusetts Constitution, 1780 |
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Definition
Revised!
-had to be ratified by 2/3 of electorate (all white men over 21)
-overall conservative document though- raised property requirements for voting and mimicked mixed gov'ts of Britain
-oldest functioning document in the world |
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Term
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Definition
-Built off of colonial experience
-much in the Declaration, the Constitution and Bill o Rights is traced to these
-allowed more men involvement in gov't, expanded suffrage, enlarged assemblies and many men loyal to the King withdrew |
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Term
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Definition
French philosopher who believed that republics could only function on a small scale- needed face to face contact
-one of the philosophers that the framers of the Art. of Conf. looked to for inspiration
-thought they needed heavy state and local control as opposed to national because national would be too large to function |
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Term
| The new American Financial Crisis |
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Definition
-Citizens still distrusted gov't and were weary to pay their taxes (couldn't pay debts)
-Gov't printed currency without specie to back it up and inflation increased
-because of this, taxes went up and citizens were incapable of paying
-needed a stronger government to sway people to pay and regulate moneys |
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Term
| Annapolis Convention, 1786 |
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Definition
-September, met to discuss economic tactics
-here they called for a Constitutional Convention to amend the Articles |
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Term
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Definition
-From Virginia, strong nationalist
-believed that the nation needed a strong central gov't to tackle issues
-Gov't should derive its power from the ppl
-States should be subordinate to the nat'l gov't
-separation of powers was the only way to safeguard liberties
-referred to as the Father of the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
-Presented by Madison at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 in Philly
-included a strong central gov't with veto power over state legislatures, a bicameral legislature (ppl elect lower house, lower elects upper)
-proportional representation |
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Term
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Definition
-Written by William Patterson of NJ
-the way for the small states to combat the large states and the VA plan
-congress makes "supreme laws of the land", nat'l gov't given new powers, plural executive chosen by legislature
-unicameral legislature with equal representation
-disagreement led to the near failure of the convention |
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Term
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Definition
Politician and lawyer from CT, that signed many of the major US documents from the founding period.
-authored the CT compromise |
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Term
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Definition
-By Roger Sherman
-involves a bicameral legislature where the HoR would be proportional and the Senate equal, with the lower house elected by the people and the senate appointed.
-Madison still saw it as unfair but saw the document as a whole too necessary to not continue |
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Term
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Definition
-Each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes
-Roger Sherman also essential in this compromise |
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Term
| Three Major Interpretations of the Constitution |
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Definition
1. Essentially conservative- instrument to defend the interests of commercial and financial property holders
2. Essentially pragmatic- the outcome of compromises
3. Essentially radical entirely new plan of gov't based on radical reinterpretation of the relationship btwn gov't, the states and ppl |
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Term
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Definition
-The body of people who supported the ratification of the new Constitution
-mostly fielded the concerns of the Anti-Federalists
-Headed by Hamilton, Madison and Jay, authors of the Federalist Papers
-Believed this new gov't was essential to the survival of the nation |
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Term
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Definition
Had major concerns with the new Constitution
-didn't think a large republic could function
-did not secure enough rights like jury or widespread franchise
-feared the power of the central gov't and its power to tax
-feared exclusion of religion
-feared creation of aristocracy |
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Term
| The Virginia Declaration of rights, 1776 |
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Definition
-It was a departure to codify individual rights, an innovation from the British system
-Bill o Rights is based on this
-By 1784, 11 states had bills of rights |
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Term
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Definition
Ratified in 1791, was the first act of congress
-was a compromise tool with Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Freedom of religion, press, expression, assembly, and petition |
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Term
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Definition
| Right to bear arms and to a well regulated militia |
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Definition
| No soldier quartering without consent |
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Term
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Definition
| Rights against unreasonable searches and seizures, requires warrants |
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Term
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Definition
| Necessary to have grand jury for capital/ infamous crimes, due process necessary, no double jeopardy and no self-incrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| Right to a speedy and public trial, right to know accuser and what you are being accused |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No cruel and unusual punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| Rights not to be construed or denied b/c not said explicitly in the document |
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Term
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Definition
| Powers not goven to federal gov't or state gov't given to the people |
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Term
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Definition
Calvinist preacher in CT who began in 1730s to preach against the idea that ppl have an effect on their salvation
-some saved, some not- all people are sinners and deserve hell
-very enthusiastic and many taken with him |
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Term
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Definition
Starts with Jonathan Edwards- focus on individual and personal conversion w/ authority invested in scripture rather than church heirarchy- Evangelical
-based on Calvinism |
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Term
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Definition
a church officially recognized and sustained by the state gov't
-all people, whether a member of the church or not, had to pay taxes and belong to church to enjoy full citizenship |
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Term
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Definition
-an attempt to broaden gov't to be inclusive- religion too important to leave out
-multiple churches would be established through a complicated system |
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Term
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Definition
| Removing the practice of establishment from government |
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Term
| Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, 1786 |
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Definition
Supported by TJ and Madison in Virginia
-pushed for a complete separation of church and state
-all men are free in religion and it should not effect civil duties
-first instance of disestablishment and fought
-radical departure in relationship between church and state
-reason: feared state influence on the church |
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Term
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Definition
belief that after 1000 years, the Kingdom of Christ would begin, the dead would rise resurrected, Satan defeated, final judgment and world replaced by a new creation
-believed that Americans were the chosen people |
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Term
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Definition
-Was Prime Minister through the war (since 1770)- was a popular war until the defeat at Saratoga and entrance of France and Spain into the conflict
-Resigned in 1782 under pressure from Parliament to exit war and KGIII to stay the course |
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Term
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Definition
-King of England through the war
-upon North's resignation, forced to make his gov't out of his enemies
-When forced to end war, saw it as an imposition against his will
-Lost his mind after the war |
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Term
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Definition
-Represented a different approach by the British to colonialization
-still used companies to settle (east India Company) but kept a tight hold on the gov't
-used existing system with Indians to create their foothold because they knew from the experience with America that they needed support/ cooperation
-Absolute Parliamentary authority
-Empire would maintain a centralized system of defense and administration
-Commercial regulations were strengthened and enforcement increased |
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Term
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Definition
Group founded in 1791 by Wolfe Tone that spread across different religious backgrounds.
-Wanted to reform British gov't in Ireland and independence
-attempted a rebellion in 1798 that was quashed-the British could not afford a revolution in their backyard and Ireland was much easier to control |
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Term
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Definition
Occurred between 1789-99 sparked by economic disparities between the classes and after Louis XVI reconvened the Estates General then refused to allow them to write a constitution.
-Very influenced by the American revolution but went much more radical |
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