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| The organizations that gather, package, and transmit the news through some proprietary communications technology |
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| The costs of transmitting a news product to each consumer |
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| borne of intense competition at the end of the 19th century, characterized by screaming headlines and sensational stories |
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| journalistic investigation and exposure of scandals, corruption, and injustices, pioneered during the late 19th century Progressive Era |
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| fairness rule established by the FCC to ensure that broadcasters offer balanced coverage of controversial issues. If a radio or television station sells or gives airtime to one candidate for political office, it must provide other candidates with equal time. |
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| rule that assures that different points on view of controversial issues have access to the airwaves. |
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| the amount of information a particular communication technology can economically provide its audience |
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| increasingly popular, nontraditional source of political information that combines news and entertainment. Aka Jon stewart. |
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| bias or slant in the selection of which news to report and how the news is reported |
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| a government agency's act to prohibit the publication of material or speech before the fact. The courts forbid this except under extraordinary circumstances |
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| published falsehood or statement resulting in defamation of one's character. The First Amendment does not protect these statements |
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| forms of false and malicious information, spoken, that damage another person's reputation. |
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| policy announced by the president in order to test public opinion and floated either by members of Congress or the media. |
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| strategically consequential information given to reporters on the condition that its source not be identified by name |
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| a regularly assigned venue that a news reporter covers on an ongoing basis |
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| a method of news gathering in which news reporters all follow the same story in the same way because they read each other's copy for validation of their own. |
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| Criterion For selecting the news |
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1. Authority and status of the source
2.Level of Controversy: conflict and disagreement are preferable to consensus.
3. Negativity. Bad news over good. |
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| the legal rights of each member of Congress to send official mail postage-free under his or her signature |
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| widespread suspicion among reporters that presidents will lie to the media when doing so serves their interest and they think they can get away with it. |
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| person who is running for political office |
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| the central thematic statement of why voters ought to prefer one candidate over others. shaped by candidate's theories about the political beliefs, perceptions, values, and responses of different segments. |
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| small number of ordinary citizens are observed as they talk with each other about political candidates, issues, and events. |
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| the act of attacking an opposing candidate's platform, past political performance, or personal characteristics. |
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| electoral alliance that was the basis of Democratic dominance from the 1930s to the early 1970s. The alliance consisted of Catholics, Jews, racial minorities, urban residents, organized labor, and white southerners. |
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| delegate to the Democratic National Convention who is eligible to attend because he or she is a prominent elected party official (governor, senators, representatives, etc.) The Democrats reserve a specific set of delegate slots for party officials. |
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| Consequences of Fractured Alignments |
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1. Party-lining voting declined and ticket splitting increased
2. Voters became indifferent to the parties
3. with voters substituting personal cues for party cues, the electoral advantage enjoyed by congressional incumbents grew.
4. The electorate became more volatile
5. Independent and third-party candidates increased their take
6. Divided partisan control of governments became common. |
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| one political party controls the executive branch and another controls one or both houses of the legislature |
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| Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA) |
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| provided partial public funding for presidential campaigns and required full public reporting of and strict limits on all contributions and expenditures in federal elections |
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| money used by political parties for voter registration, public education, and voter mobilization. Until 2002, when Congress passed legislation outlawing this, the government had imposed no limits on contributions or expenditures for such purposes. |
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| spending by the Dem and Rep party committees on behalf of individual congressional candidates |
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| campaign spending-by a person or organization for or against a political candidate-that is not controlled by or coordinated with any candidate's campaign. |
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| the ability of privileged outsiders such as interest group reps, to obtain a hearing from elected officials or bereaucrats |
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| those opinions held by private persons which governments find prudent to heed |
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| organized and consistent manner of thinking, feeling, and reacting with regard to people, groups, social issues, or more generally, any event in one's environment...combines feelings, beliefs, thoughts and predispositions to react in a certain way. |
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| comprehensive, integrated set of views about government and politics. |
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| moral beliefs held by citizens that underlie their attitudes toward political and other issues. As integral parts of an individual's identity, these beliefs are stable and resistant to change. |
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| process by which citizens acquire their political beliefs and values |
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| state of mind produced when particular issues evoke attitudes and beliefs that pull in opposite directions |
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| providing a context that affects the criteria citizens use to evaluate candidates, campaigns, and political issues |
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| media's influence on how citizens make political judgments, through emphasis on particular stories. |
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| sum of all individual opinions |
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| the distribution, or percentage, of the electorate that identifies with each of the political parties. |
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| uncertainties in public opinion, as revealed by responses to polls, that arise from the imperfect connection between the wording of survey questions and the terms in which people understand and think about political objects. |
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| someone that is highly attentive to and involved in politics or some related area and that other people turn to for political information and cues. |
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| mental device that lets you to make complex decisions based on a small amount of information. I.e. candidate's party label. |
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| subsets of the population that are better informed than everyone else about an issue because it touches them more directly and personally. |
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| occurs when activists working for parties, candidates, or interest groups ask members of the electorate to vote |
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