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| London Economic Conference |
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| A meeting of representatives of 66 nations designed to win agreement on measures to fight global depression. It was "torpedoed" by FDR when he denounced currency stabilization and the US didn't attend. |
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| A federal law which provided for Filipino independence after a period of ten years. |
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| FDR foreign policy toward Latin America, proclaiming non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. |
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| Seventh Pan-American Conference |
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| The seventh in a series of conferences between American nations in which America stood opposed to armed intervention in international affairs. |
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| Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act |
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| An act which gave the president power to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal trade agreements with other countries. This law enabled FDR to liberalize American trade policy around the globe. |
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| The first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. |
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| An Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. |
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| An Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party. He is most remembered for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and The Holocaust. |
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| A Coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany. The term Axis Powers came to include Japan as well. |
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| A Senate committee which studied the causes of US involvement in WWI. It was a significant factor in heightening public and political support for neutrality in the early stages of WWII. |
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| A Spanish military general and head of state of Spain from 1936, and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November 1975. |
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| FDR's speech calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" (Japan, Germany and Italy) via economic sanctions as an alternative to neutrality and non-intervention. |
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| A Japanese attack on the USS Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside Nanking on December 12, 1937. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the US flags painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized, and paid an indemnity but US opinion turned against the Japanese. |
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| An agreement permitting German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. It is now viewed as a failed act of appeasement. |
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| A term used to refer to a diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to another power, and was undertook by Allied Nations against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. |
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| A Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the UK from May 1937 to May 1940. He is best known for his policy of appeasement. |
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| A British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during WWII. |
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| An act which imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. |
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| An act which renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months. It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents. |
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| A neutrality act which included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations. A "cash and carry" provision was added which stated that the President could permit the sale of materials and supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately in cash. |
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| A non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. It remained in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. |
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| An act which allowed for arms trade with belligerent nations on a cash and carry basis, thus in effect ending the arms embargo. Furthermore, the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were repealed, American citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President, and the National Munitions Control Board was charged with issuing licenses for all arms imports and exports. |
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| A policy which allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation. |
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| A conference in which the US agreed to share with its neighbors the responsibility of protecting the Monroe Doctrine. It marked a dramatic change in the use of the Monroe Doctrine. |
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| The WWI air campaign waged by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) against the UK during the summer and autumn of 1940. Germany failed to gain an air superiority. |
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| Bases-for-Destroyers Deal |
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| A deal between the US and the UK negotiated on September 2, 1940 which transferred fifty mothballed destroyers from the US Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions. |
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| The foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into WWII. Peaking at 800,000 members, it was likely the largest anti-war organization in American history. |
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| The program under which the US supplied the UK, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945. Although it did not formally establish the United States as a combatant in the war, this act ended the pretense of its neutrality. |
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| A pivotal policy statement between the US and the UK which stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. |
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| A surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941. |
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| Japanese Internment Camps |
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| The relocation and internment by the US gov. in 1942 of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese along the US Pacific coast to camps called "War Relocation Camps," in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. |
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| Korematsu v. United States |
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| A landmark US Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of internment camps during WWII. The supreme court ruled that relocation was constitutional. |
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| A board established in order to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during WWII in the US. |
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| Office of Price Administration |
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| An office established in order to control prices (price controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War II. |
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| Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act |
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| An act which allowed the government to seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes that would interfere with war production, and prohibited unions from making contributions in federal elections. |
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An FDR speech in which he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy:
Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom of worship
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear |
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| The women's branch of the US Army. |
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| A division of the U.S. Navy that consisted entirely of women. |
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| A series of laws and diplomatic agreements for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the US. |
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| A cultural icon of the US, representing the American women who worked in factories during WWII. |
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| A prominent twentieth-century African-American civil rights leader and the founder of the March on Washington Movement. |
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| Fair Employment Practices Commission |
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| A commission which implemented US Executive Order 8802, requiring that companies with government contracts not to discriminate on the basis of race or religion. |
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| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) |
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| A U.S. civil rights organization that originally played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. |
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| Native American "Code Talkers" |
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| A term used to describe Native Americans who served in the US Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages. |
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| The Chief of Staff of the US Army during the 1930s, he played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during WWII. He became the general of the US army as well. |
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| A battle in which the US Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attack against Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet. |
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| A five-star admiral of the US navy who held the dual command of Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, for U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces during WWII. |
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| A conference between FDR and Churchill as well as French representatives to decide upon Allied strategy. Stalin was invited but didn't attend due to ongoing conflict in Stalingrad. |
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| The only Allied meeting between Churchill, FDR and Stalin. The main objective of the US and GB was to ensure full cooperation and assistance from the USSR for their war policies. They also planned Operation Overlord. |
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| The landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, also known as Operation Overlord and Operation Neptune, during WWII. It commenced on June 6th 1944. |
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| A US Army officer best known for his leadership while commanding as a general in Europe during WWII. He was able to push back the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge by moving over his army. |
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| A major German offensive launched toward the end of WWII through the densely forested Ardennes Mountains region of Wallonia in Belgium. |
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| The genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II under a Nazi program. |
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| The date when the WWII Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany. |
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| Amphibious assaults launched by the US against Imperial Japan in the Pacific. Both the US and Japan suffered heavy casualties. |
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| Suicide attacks by Japanese aviators against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of WWII, designed to destroy as many warships as possible. |
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| A conference in which Churchill (replaced later by Atlee), Truman and Stalin gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany. |
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| The American effort which resulted in the development of the first atomic bomb during WWII. |
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| Cities which were bombarded by atomic weaponry by the US on August 6th and 9th, 1945. |
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| The 124th emperor of Japan, who was allowed to continue as a symbol in the postwar period. |
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| The name chosen for the day on which the Surrender of Japan occurred, effectively ending WWII. |
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