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| An extension of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. It asserted a right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. |
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| The enforcement of the Roosevelt Corollary: in 1905 the US took over tariff collections in the Dominican Republic. In 906, the US landed Marines in Cuba to quell disorder. |
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| A peace treaty that formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. The peace process was hosted by the US and led by Theodore Roosevelt. |
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| San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 |
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| A 7.9 magnitude earthquake that struck San Francisco April 18, 1906. It led the SF school board to segregate Asian students into worse schools. |
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| An informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan where by the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations. |
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| An agreement between Japan and US that consisted of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of November 1908, and an affirmation of the independence and territorial integrity of China (i.e. the "Open Door Policy"). Implicit in the agreement was American acknowledgment of Japan's right to annex Korea and Japan's acquiescence to limitations on Japanese immigration to California. |
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| An American teacher, author and journalist. She was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of the Progressive era. She is best-known for her 1904 book "The History of the Standard Oil Company". |
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| A political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform through governmental action. It is often viewed in opposition to conservative or reactionary ideologies. It began in cities with settlement workers and reformers who were interested in helping those facing harsh conditions at home and at work. |
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| A reporter or writer who investigates and publishes truthful reports involving a host of social issues, broadly including crime and corruption and often involving elected officials, political leaders and influential members of business and industry. the term is attributed to Roosevelt who drew on a character from John Bunyan’s 1678 classic, Pilgrim’s Progress. |
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| Roosevelt's "Square Deal" |
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| A domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. It thus aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of organized labor. |
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| A Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who gained fame for his 1906 muckraking novel "The Jungle". It exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. |
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| A Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer. He wrote "How the Other Half Lives", subtitled "Studies Among the Tenements of New York" which exposed social injustices that the poor faced. |
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| A 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Elkins Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates. |
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| A muckraker who was part of a editor's trio at McClure's magazine that included Ida Tarbell. Two collections of his articles were published as The Shame of the Cities (1902) and The Struggle for Self-Government (1906). He also wrote The Traitor State, which criticized New Jersey for patronizing incorporation. |
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| An American Republican (and later a Progressive) politician. He is best remembered as a proponent of progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations. |
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| A leading American progressive and later isolationist politician from California; he served as the 23rd Governor from 1911 to 1917. Among his reforms were the popular election of U.S. Senators, a push for women's suffrage and the ability of candidates to register in more than one political party. He also added initiative, referendum, and recall to the state government, giving California a great degree of direct democracy. |
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| National Consumers League |
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| An American consumer organization which provides government, businesses, and other organizations with the consumer's perspective on concerns including child labor, privacy, food safety, and medication information. It was founded by Florence Kelley. |
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| A Supreme Court decision which justified both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health. It was fought by Louis Brandeis. |
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| A decision by the Supreme Court which invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. |
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| Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire |
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| A tragic fire caused by a lack of factory regulation, despite the fact that regulation was supposed to be enforced. 146 mostly immigrant workers perished in the fire because of locked doors and other violations of fire code. |
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| A 1906 Act which severely restricted free railroad passes because of their hint of bribery, and expanded the ICC to give it teeth by allowing it to nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates upon complaint of shippers. |
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| Anthracite Coal Mine Strike |
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| A 1902 strike of some 140,000 coal miners who demanded a 20% increase in pay and a reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours. Roosevelt led a negotiation between the coal mine bosses and the union workers and threatened to nationalize the coal mines if the bosses wouldn't negotiate. |
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| Department of Commerce and Labor |
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| An agency created by Roosevelt to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce. It helped to break the stranglehold of monopoly and began the era of "trust-busting". It was split in two ten years after its 1903 founding. |
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| A 1906 Act passed under Roosevelt which decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can. |
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| Northern Securities Company |
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| A company organized by JP Morgan and James J. Hill which had the aim of monopolizing the railroads in the Northwest. It was busted by the Supreme Cout in an anti-trust suit by Roosevelt, a decision which jolted Wall Street and angered big business but enhanced Roosevelt's image as a trust-buster. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the basis for this decision in part. |
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| An Act designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. |
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| An 1877 Act which took a feeble step towards conservation, whereby the government sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the soil within 3 years. |
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| An 1891 Act which authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves, which saw some 46 million acres dedicated as national park area. |
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| An Act which authorized Congress to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western deserts and then use them for the development of irrigation projects. The Roosevelt Dam was built on Arizona's Salt River because of this Act. |
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| Corporations: The Northern Securities Decision, The Anthracite Coal Mine Strike, Elkins Act, Hepburn Act. Consumerism: Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act. Conservation: Newlands Act, US Forest Service founding, Antiquities Act. |
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