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| An 1890 clash between Sioux Indian force led by Big Foot and the 7th Cavalry led by Forsyth. About 150 American Indians were massacred. The battle started because the whites wanted to stamp out the Sun Dance culture in Indian America. |
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| Also known as Custer's Last Stand, this was an engagement between forces of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapho Indians and the Custer Battalion. Custer's Battalion was severely defeated. |
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| A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people against the privileged elite. |
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| "Kill the Indian, save the man." |
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| A Western Christian philosophy that attempted to assimilate Indian Americans into Western culture. |
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| Also known as the General Allotment Act, this ended the practice of giving land parcels to whole tribes by giving the land instead to individual tribe members. This freed land in reservations, which was given to white settlers. |
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| An 1862 law which allowed settlers to acquire up to 160 acres of land for $30 provided that they lived and settled upon it for 5 years. It was important because land had previously been sold for a profit but was now essentially free. The land was sometimes difficult to cultivate however. |
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| A group founded in 1867 led by Oliver H. Kelley, also known as the Patrons of Husbandry. It was popular among farmers, and tried to establish farmer's rights. |
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| The 1896 Populist Presidential candidate. He gave the "Cross of Gold" speech. His main concern was the representation of rural and farming interests over urban and business interests. He endorsed the free coinage of silver, with a ratio of 16:1 silver:gold. |
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| The first "national" organization of the farmers which led to the creation of the Populist party. It organized social gatherings, was active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against manufacturing and railroad dominance. |
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| Various treaties signed between Plains Indian "chiefs" and the government which marked the beginning of the reservation system in the West. In fact these chiefs were often not representative of the people placed in these reservations. |
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| An influential and wily leader of the Sioux Indians who led the Sioux against white invaders who were looking for gold. |
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| A leader of the Apache Indians, he led the Apache against white invaders, proving hard to subdue for the whites. |
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| An Act designed to reform Indian policy. It dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. |
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| Yellowstone, Sequoia and Yosemite |
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| New national parks set up by the government in 1872 for Yellowstone and 1890 for Yosemite and Sequoia. These parks were created to preserve a sense of the American frontier as it seemed to be fading. |
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| A Populist writer who tried to raise concern over Populist issues, saying once that Kansas should raise "less corn and more hell." |
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| A nickname given to early participants in the land rush caused by the Homestead Act. |
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| American president who defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 election. He supported a gold standard. He had established a creditable Civil War record as a major. He also supported big industry in politics. |
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| A marching army of the unemployed led by "General" Jacob S. Coxey. The Populist party found an ally in this group. |
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