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| Americans' idea that they had the God-given right to expand westward and conquer all of North America |
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| one of the trails that the overlanders used to migrate from the east coast to west coast in less harsh conditions |
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called the 'expansion president' because of his campaign built upon the idea of manifest destiny and expansion.
1. Polk was committed to “manifest destiny” and expansion
2. Polk promised to annex Texas as a new state
3. Polk promised to acquire California
4. Polk would end sharing the Oregon Territory with England |
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| After Polk's election, the US annexed Texas. This caused tension between the Us and America because Mexico still felt like it owned Texas and anti-slavery northerners were upset because they felt that taking in Texas would mean the spread of slavery |
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Causes:
1. Annexing Texas
Mexico never fully recognized Texas independence
Many Mexicans felt that the United States had “stolen” Texas
2. Desire for California
Polk offered to buy California (and New Mexico) from Mexico
Mexico, angry, refused to even negotiate, raising tension
3. Texas Border Dispute
Mexico said the Texas/Mexico border started at the Nueces River, the United States said it started at the Rio Grande River
Both countries claimed the land between these two borders
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo—in this peace treaty, sold its northern half to the United States and recognized the Rio Grande as the Texas border |
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| to appease northerners, this suggested making all land won from Mexico FREE |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo—in this peace treaty, sold its northern half to the United States and recognized the Rio Grande as the Texas border |
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“Popular sovereignty” means “letting the people rule”
Some said each STATE, not the federal government, should decide if they would have slavery |
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This party did not want slavery to expand West
They were NOT against slavery itself
They wanted to keep the West for whites and did not want to compete with slaves for jobs
Reactions:
Northern abolitionists disliked the Free-Soil party because it was not against slavery
Southerners were angry and wanted slavery to expand west |
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After gold was discovered in 1848, over 80,000 “49ers” rushed to California to try to make a fortune
Comstock Lode—this silver strike had similar effects on Nevada
Rapidly growing towns called “boomtowns” sprang up at mining sites |
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| "Fifty-four forty or fight" |
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| this slogan stated the desire of Americans to own all of the Oregon territory up to the 54 40 latitude line |
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1. North received—California became a free state
2. The rest of the new land was divided into two territories that would decide on slavery using popular sovereignty
3. South received—a stronger Fugitive Slave Act to catch runaways in the North |
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This law became the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850
It forced northerners to aid slave catchers
Blacks were falsely identified as runaways, denied jury trials, and kidnapped to the South as slaves |
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Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a book about slavery
The book was graphic and made slavery look terrible |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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Transcontinental Railroad—a railroad that would unite the West (California and Oregon) to the East
The North wanted a northern route; the South wanted a southern route |
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| Gadsden Purchase—the United States bought land (now southern Arizona and New Mexico) from Mexico that would be used to build a SOUTHERN railroad |
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The Midwest was divided into a Kansas and Nebraska territory
Both territories would decide on slavery using POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY |
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| Bleeding Kansas—Kansas had a civil war between abolitionists and slave owners |
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| John Brown—a violent white abolitionist who murdered five slave owners in “Bleeding Kansas” |
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| Preston Brooks, a congressman from South Carolina, nearly beat Sumner to death with a cane |
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Republicans did not want slavery to expand to the West
Lincoln was NOT an abolitionist, but also did NOT want slavery to expand |
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| Republican, 16th president |
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Dred Scott, a slave, was taken by his owner into a free territory
Scott sued and argued that this meant he was now free |
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Republican Abraham Lincoln ran against Stephen Douglas for Senate and challenged him to a series of debates
Lincoln asked Douglas how popular sovereignty could work since the Dred Scott ruling said slavery could not be banned in the territories |
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| Douglas said that slavery could be allowed but a territory did not have to pass laws to protect it |
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| Harpers Ferry is best known for John Brown's raid on the Armory in 1859 and its role in the American Civil War. |
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Southerners saw Lincoln as an enemy and would not even put his name on the ballot
However, Lincoln won EVERY state in the North and West and won the election |
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| Proposed by Kentucky Senator John Crittenden in 1860, the Crittenden Compromise was an attempt to prevent the secession of southern states and avoid the Civil War. |
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| Confederate States of America |
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| these states formed this new government (the Confederacy) |
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| Jefferson Davis was president of the Confederacy |
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When Fort Sumter refused to surrender, South Carolina bombed the fort
Using violence and force, South Carolina captured Fort Sumter |
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| formed the border between the North and South that had slavery but had not seceded |
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