Term
| How did the horse influence Native American life on the Great Plains? |
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Definition
As the Native Americans acquired horses and then guns they were capable of traveling farther
distances and were able to search for food more resourcefully |
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Term
| What was the government’s policy toward Native American land? |
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Definition
In 1834, the federal government had approved an act that designated the entire Great Plains as
one massive reservation put aside for the Native American tribes |
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Term
| What were the results of Custer’s last stand? |
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Definition
When Colonel Custer and his troops reached the Little Bighorn River, the Native Americans
were prepared for his arrival. Commanded by Crazy Horse, Gall, and Sitting Bull the warriors
with armed spears and rifles out-numbered and trampled over Custer’s troops. Within an hour
later, Custer alongside with all the men in the Seventh Cavalry did not survive |
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Term
| What events led to the Battle of Wounded Knee? |
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Definition
December 28, 1890, Custer’s old troops rounded up at least 350 Native Americans and took
them to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. The next day, the soldiers demanded
the Natives to surrender all they’re weapons. All was well until a shot was fired, then on the
opposite side from the Natives began a barrage of fire with a deadly cannon killing mostly 300
unarmed Native Americans, including women and children. After the slaughter of the Natives
the soldiers would leave they’re remaining corpse on the freezing ground |
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Term
| What does the American cowboy tradition owe to the Mexican vaquero? |
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Definition
The cowboy’s clothes, food, and language were all influenced by the Mexico’s vaquero, who
were the first to wear spurs, which was eventually used to control his horse |
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Term
| What developments led to the rapid growth of the cattle industry? |
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Definition
The Chicago Union Stock Yards opened in 1865, because of this; farmers from Texas were
capable to ship their cattle to Chicago and other markets throughout the East. Although from
routes to Sedalia there have been several obstacles such as thunderstorms and rain-swollen rivers |
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Term
| How did the cowboy’s life differ from the myth about it? |
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Definition
A modern cowboy worked at least 10 to 14 hours a day on a ranch and 14 hours more traveling
on a trail. As for supplies for the trail, they might own his own saddle but the horse was owned
by his or her employer known as a trail boss. Cowboys were highly expected to be expert in
when it comes to horses’ riders and ropers. Also his or her gun would be used mostly to protect
his herd from wild animals or diseased animals rather than to purse outlaws
Every now and then a trail boss would assign a crew for a long drive; this was an overland
transport job that required one cowboy to watch over an enormous range of cattle, a cook who
drove the wagon and provide a camp, and a wrangler who cared for the extra supplies incase
needed like extra horses. For these jobs the trail boss would earn $100 or more just for the
supervision of the drive and negotiating with settlers and Native Americans
While on the long drive, cowboys were on the move from dawn to dusk. They would sleep on
the ground and bath in near rivers. During the night because lighting was a constant bother they
would pile all metal objects to the corner of there camp to avoid lighting bolts. They were very
cautious about silence because either the thunder or even a sneeze would cause a stampede |
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Term
| How did the railroads help open the West? |
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Definition
From the 1850s to 1871, the federal government established huge land grants to the railroads up
to 170 million acres for laying tracks in the West. For that, both the Union Pacific and Central Pacific were granted with 10 square miles of public land. For every mile of track set in a state and 20 square miles of land for every mile of track set in a territory |
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Term
| In what ways did government policies encourage settlement of the West? |
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Definition
In 1862, the Congress passed the Homestead Act that offered to any citizen or intended citizen
who were head of their household 160 acres of free land. Because of this from 1862 to the 1900s,
600,000 families took advantage of the government’s offer including African Americans who
moved from the post-reconstruction from the South all the way to Kansas |
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Term
| How did new inventions change farming in the West? |
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Definition
In 1837, John Deere invented the steel plow designed to slice through heavy soil. In 1847, Cyrus
McCormick began to produce a reaping machine. Later other new and improved inventions were
created to aid farmers; in 1869 the spring tooth harrow was established to prepare soil, in 1841
the grain drill was established to plant seeds, in 1874 barbed wire was established to aid the
farmers in protecting their crops from being eaten by wild animals, and in 1878 there was the
corn binder then the reaper came that was capable to cut and thresh wheat in one pass
By 1890, there were over 900 manufacturers to produce farming equipment. By the 1900s, using
these machines took only 10 minutes and made more grain available to sell |
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Term
Why did farmers think that an increased money supply would help solve their economic
problems? |
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Definition
Farmers who had borrowed money had to pay back their loans in dollars that was worth more
than what they borrowed at the same time they were receiving less money for their crops. So
throughout the 1870s, all the farmers and debtors banned together to overlook the government
into issuing more money into circulation but although they’re purpose was good they’re tactics
failed |
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Term
| What were some of the causes of farmers’ economic problems? |
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Definition
Farmer’s paid outrageous amounts of money to transport grains through railroads, there was
lack of competition that led to the increase in shipping by railroads or boats, and suppliers would
charge high prices of interest leaving farmers to get caught in a cycle of credit that meant longer
hours and debt every year |
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Term
| What was the Populist Party platform? |
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Definition
A program that eventually became our modern Democratic Party, which keep alive the concept
that the government is responsible for reforming social injustices |
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Term
| What caused the panic of 1893? |
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Definition
The Philadelphia and Reading Railroads followed by the Erie, the Northern Pacific, Union
Pacific, and the Santa Fe all fell to bankruptcy |
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Term
| What natural resources were most important for industrialization? |
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Definition
Oil was not the only natural resource that was plentiful in the United States. There were also
abundant deposits of coal and iron |
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Term
| How did electricity change American life? |
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Definition
Throughout the 1890’s, electricity ran various machines from fans to printing presses. This low-
cost, suitable source of energy soon became available in homes and spurred the invention of
time-saving appliances |
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Term
| What were the effects of the railroad expansion? |
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Definition
The railroad laborers helped to transform the various regions of the country into a united nation.
Through linked in space, each community still operated on its own time, with noon when the sun
was directly overhead |
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Term
| How did the railroads affect cities? |
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Definition
By connecting previous isolated cities, towns, and settlements, the railroads promoted trade and
interdependence |
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Term
| How did railroads owners use Credit Mobilier to make huge, undeserved profits? |
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Definition
The stock-holders gave this company a bond to lay track at two to three times the actual cost and
pocketed the profits. They donated shares of stock to 20 representatives in Congress in 1867 |
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Term
| What were Andrew Carnegie’s management and business strategies? |
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Definition
Carnegie’ attempted to control as much of the steel industry as he could. He did this in order to
control the raw materials and transportation systems |
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Term
| What strategies enabled big businesses to eliminate competition? |
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Definition
Corporations such as Standard Oil Companies took a different turn they joined with competing
companies |
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Term
| How did economic factors limit industrialization in the South? |
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Definition
The south was still trying to recover from the Civil War, held up by the lack of money for
investment. |
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Term
| How did industrial working conditions contribute to the growth of the labor movement? |
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Definition
The denial of some National Labor Union NLU local chapters to acknowledge African
Americans led to the making of the Colored National Labor Union CNLU |
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Term
| How did craft unions and industrial unions differ? |
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Definition
Some manual labor influential felt that unions should consist of all laborers who were
experienced and inexperienced should be separated
While most of the new union members were unprofessional and semiskilled laborers, but other
than separating them expert engineers and firemen joined |
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Term
| How did the 1877 strike and Haymarket cause the public to resent the labor movement? |
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Definition
| After the bomb strike in 1877, the public began to turn against the labor movement |
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Term
How did the Grangers, who were largely poor farmers, do battle with the giant railroad
companies? |
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Definition
In 1877, the Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote thus the states won the right to
regulate the railroads |
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Term
| What factors made the Triangle Shirtwaist fire so lethal? |
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Definition
The public could no longer pay any attention to conditions in garment factories after a bizarre
fire that arose at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City on March 25, 1911. The fire
spread quickly through oil-soaked machines and piles of cloth, hitting the eighth, ninth, and tenth
floors People struggled to escape, but they all discovered the company had locked all but one of
the doors which that door was blocked by fire in order to prevent theft. The company had no
sprinkler system, and the only fire escaped had almost immediately collapsed |
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Term
| What reasons did people from other parts of the world have for immigrating to the United States? |
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Definition
Many West Indians had left they’re homelands because jobs were insufficient in the United
States and the industrial rumble seemed to guarantee jobs for everyone |
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Term
| What difficulties did immigrants face in gaining admission to the United States? |
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Definition
Immigrants faced the anxiety of not knowing whether or not they would be accepted in the
United States. They had to pass inspections which took place at Castle Garden in New York,
which was later relocated to Ellis Island in New York Harbor. The processing of immigrants in
Ellis Island took at least five or more hours
While many European immigrants arrived on the East Coast passed through Ellis Island,
Asians mainly the Chinese arrived on the West Coast gaining admission at Angel Island in San
Francisco Bay. Europeans endured harsh questioning and detention in unsanitationed buildings
while waiting to find whether they will be accepted in or rejected out the United States |
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Term
| How did immigrants deal with challenges they faced? |
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Definition
Immigrants then committed to their own cultures, while also trying hard to grow they’re new
identities they soon came to think of themselves as hyphenated American citizens |
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Term
| Why did Native-born Americans start the Americanization movement? |
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Definition
This movement was designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into a dominant
culture, through its influence schools and other voluntary programs began teach immigrants the
ways of Native-Born Americans such as English Literacy, American History and Government,
Cooking, and social Etiquette that were included in the schools curriculum |
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Term
| What housing problems did urban working class families face? |
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Definition
During the industrial age, working class families in cities were looking to only two housing
options where they would either buy a house on the outskirts of town where they would risk
facing transportation problems in the future, or just rent a room in a boardinghouse with the
possibility of being cramped with a future roommate living in the central city |
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Term
| How did conditions in cities affect people’s health? |
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Definition
As the cities and business grew, so did the sanitation the challenge of keeping them clean
without dependable trash collection, people just emptied they’re trash on to the busy streets.
Although they’re were private contractors called scavengers who were hired to sweep the streets
maintain garbage and cleaning outhouses, they often refused to get the job done properly |
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Term
| In what way did the structure of the political machine resemble a pyramid? |
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Definition
At its base were local division workers and captains, who tried to increase voters support on a
city block or in a neighborhood and would even report to a ward boss. At the top was the city
boss, who controls the actions of the political party throughout the city |
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Term
| Why did immigrants support political machines? |
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Definition
These machines helped immigrants attaining full citizenship in the United States, aided in
housing, and finding themselves jobs. In return, they provided what political leaders required votes |
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Term
| How did patronage contribute to government incompetence and fraud? |
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Definition
Some government employees were not eligible for the position they were assigned. More or
less political appointees, whether qualified or not often made use of their positions for their own
personal gains. Reformers then began to press for not only the elimination of the patronage but
the adoption of a merit system of hiring |
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Term
| What were the positive and the negative effects of the Pendleton Civil Service Act? |
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Definition
By 1901, More than 40 percent of federal jobs were classified as service civil positions, but the
Pendleton Act had an assortment of differences. On one hand, public administrations became
more efficient and honest. On the other, since officials could no longer pressure employees for
campaign contributes, politicians turned to other sources to contribute money |
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