Black Legend

 Death among Indians of the Americas-

English colonists disliked the Native Americans because they seemed like a nuisance and they didn’t want them there. English got entangled in multiple wars with them.

First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614)

 War started by Lord De La Warr when he enforced “Irish Tactics”. They raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. A peace settlement ending the war was sealed with John Rolfe marrying Pocahontas (symbolic for the unity)

Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1648)

Encomienda

Great Ice Age

Paleo-Indian Culture Stage

o   Single Purpose= SURVIVAL; traveled/lived in smaller groups

o   Infant mortality rate was high; age expectancy was low

o   Simple, small tools as hunters &gatherers

o   Clovis Point was the catalyst the development

Archaic Culture Stage

o   Larger groups because they are more advanced; not as isolated; hunters & nomadic

o   Used bows & arrows, hatchets, refined clovis points, atlatl

o   Stone Boiling: Heat up a rock in a fire, then out rocks in fire, water becomes heated, and you can heat food

o   Agriculture promotes the advancement to the next culture stage

 Formative Culture Stage

o   Agriculture

o   Traveling not needed; permanent dwellings set up

o   Division of labor within the society (builders, hunters, farmers, religious)

o   As advanced as any European civilization 

Moundbuilders

Plains Indians 

o   Sioux- Most well known tribe

o   Archaic culture; nomadic tribe; very warlike peoples; lived in teepees

o   Buffalo= Necessity; needed them for all purposes (hide used for homes, organs held water, etc.)

o   Could have lived many more years but when the Americans killed the buffalo, the civilization could not proceed

Southwest Indians

o   Pueblo Indians

o   Formative culture; peaceful people; mainly were craftsmen and basket weavers

o   Golden Age: Lived in homes carved out of hills (defense tactic)

 Northeast Woodland Indians 

o   Lived in long houses and believed in communal living but were very warlike

o   Built canoes, snowshoes, fishing rods, and bows & arrows

o   Hunted deer and elk and were also farmers

o   Algonquin (Dominate in Canada and the Northeast)

§  Most well known- Hurons; rather close with the French

o   Iroquois (Based in Western New York)

§  Most famous tribe- Mohawk

§  Among the toughest fighters

§  Ally of the English because they need help to fight the Algonquin

 Southeast Indians

o   Most famous- Cherokee

o   Superb farmers but did some small game hunting; peaceful and communal peoples

 Northwest Pacific Coast Indians

o   Most unique & largest tribe- Kwakiutl

o   They desired and believed in great wealth

o   Were great fishermen; built large ships and went whale hunting

o   Associated with the Totem Pole and with the Potlatch feast

 Land Bridge Theory

 Act of Toleration (1649)

Bacon’s Rebellion

·      Primary cause: The poverty & discontent of many single young men unable to get land

·      A distinct social difference is occurring: Eastern VA- plantation aristocrats with farms; Western VA-single-independent farmers

·      Rebellion of backwoods men led by Nathaniel Bacon. They resented Governor Berkeley’s friendly policies towards Indians; they fell murderously upon the Indians after a series of savage Indian attacks, chased Berkeley out of Jamestown, and torched the capital

Charles II and Restoration

 Colonial Livelihood

·      Primary source of livelihood was agriculture; also included fishing, shipping and ocean going trade

·      Colonial taverns offered as centers of news and political opinion; education was linked to religion; the greatest cultural achievements came in theology and political theory

·      Colonial society showed a greater gap between the rich and the poor than it did in the 17^th century; growth within a society came majorly from natural reproduction

 Colonial Professions

·      90% of the people were farmers

·      Most respected- Clergy

·      Wealthiest- Printers, merchants

·      Lawyers- Little respect at first, but gained prestige as time went on

Dominion of New England

·      Union among the New England colonies and New York

·      Imposed from London, England wants to become more active in their colonies

·      Aims to promote efficiency in the administration of taxes, policies, and most importantly the Navigation Laws

Sir Edmund Andros

o   An “Arrogant Anglican”; able military man; tactless

o   Est. his headquarters in Puritanical Boston (caused hostility)

o   Ruthlessly curbed the town meetings, laid heavy restrictions on courts, press, and schools, and revoked all land titles

·      Collapse of the Dominion was sparked from the Glorious Revolution

Early settlers in North Carolina

Edict of Nantes

Established Church

 First English colonization attempts

·      Starts up with Roanoke (island off of Virginia) with Walter Raleigh’s expedition. Roanoke is deserted after Raleigh cannot send it supplies for 4 years; one clue about their civilization lies in a nearby tree that read “Crotan” ( nearby Indian tribe)

·      May 1607- 3 ships with 105 settlers (most were gentry, about 12 were laborers) land in Jamestown on a peninsula of the James River close to a mosquito infested swamp area (which ultimately leads to a cause of malaria)

·      Captain John Smith helps lead the colonists; Lord De La Warr actively controls Indians and autocratically controls the colony with Rolfe to help the colony survive

·      1619- Very important year in the history of Virginia

o   English women arrive to the settlement (sense of permanence); population within explodes to 100 from migration, from 1000→4000 1619-1624

o   Dutch ship arrives in Jamestown with 20 Africans; beginnings of African slave trade because of plans of selling them as indentured servants

o   Creation of the House of Burgesses

o   Sir Edward Sandys comes into play

·      Eastern VA- plantation aristocrats with farms; Western VA-single-independent farmers

 General Court

 George Whitefield

Glorious Revolution

Governor Berkeley

John Peter Zenger

Brought up a case in 1735 over freedom of expression and of the press

·      Wrote for the NY weekly journal. In one article, he wrote scathing comments about the NY governor (“incompetent idiot”), and was arrested for it

·      Hired lawyer Alexander Hamilton who proved that what he said was right to say because it was true. This est. the concept of freedom of the press and expression

 King Philip’s War (Metacom) War (1675-1676)

Life in Chesapeake Bay Colonies

·      Overall, life was nasty, brutal, and short

·      Life expectancy was cut short by 10 years (from average) due to malaria & typhoid; high mortality rate; many people didn’t make it far past 40

·      Families were fragile/ few b/c men had trouble finding mates; settlements grew slowly; family ties were weak b/c of pregnancies of unmarried young girls

Life in New England Colonies

·      Clean water and cool temp. stopped the spread of microbes and added 10 years; life expectancy was 70; family was the center of life, and was very stable; integrity of marriage was crucial

·      Population grew from reproduction b/c women generally had around 10 pregnancies; child raising was her occupation

·      Women had limited rights b/c by acknowledging their rights, is conflicting interests

Major characteristics of Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)

·      Agriculture- Grew mainly grain crops (wheat, grain, corn, etc.) ; “Bread Basket colonies”(large grain production resulting in large exports)

·      Liberal Area- Very diverse area resulting in being tolerant religiously and politically

·      Very diverse economy- Agriculture, Industrial (iron-making, coal-mining)

 Major characteristics of New England Colonies (Mass. Bay (Plymouth, Maine), RI, NH, CT)

·      Religion: All were est. for religious/mainly Puritan motives; church was the center of the town;

·      Education: Average person was literate because they needed to read, understand, and interpret the Bible (ties with religion); Mass. School Act (1647)- Towns of 50 or more families must have a school

·      Dominance of Massachusetts Bay- Dominant colony of N.E. Every colony either grew out of or into it

·      Economy- Centered around maritime industries (ship-building, fishing, trading; also included farming)

·      Military- Surrounded by enemies on all fronts: French to the North, the Dutch to the West, and the Indians everywhere. Every adult male should be prepared for battle with a musket, 20 made bullets, and 1 lb of black powder

·      Democratic Traditions- Self-rule was dominant in government (Town meeting, General Court, Mayflower Compact)

Major characteristics of Southern Colonies (V.A., Maryland, Georgia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina)

·      Geography- Warm climate, southern region of the country

·      Grew “cash crops”- Tobacco, rice, cotton, indigo

·      Dependent on oversea trade because they needed to sell cash crops

·      Rich were in control- “Planter aristocracy” controlled political, social, and economic society

·      Distinct, rigid social classes- Division, animosity, and tension occurred between them

·      Religion- Anglican religion was dominant

Massachusetts Bay Colony and Democracy

·      Settled in 1629 by Puritans with 1000 settlers and dozens of ships, ready to colonize

·      Great Puritan Migration (1630s) of England, 10,000 came to New England

·      Early example of colonial democracy because all freemen were given the right to vote (approx. 40% of the males)

·      General Court & Town Meetings

Massachusetts Bay Company (1628)

 Planter Aristocrats

Primogeniture

Roger Williams

·      Popular Salem minister with radical ideas

·      Extreme Separatist who hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean break with the corrupt Church of England

·      Challenged the legality of the Bay Colony’s character, which he condemned for taking from the Indians without compensation

·      Denied the authority of civil government to regulate behavior

·      After being found guilty of disseminating “new and dangerous opinions” in 1635, he fled to the Rhode Island area to set up a Baptist church

Royal Colony

 Puritans

Pilgrims (Separatists)

Walter Raleigh

 William Bradford

William Penn and Pennsylvania

·      Penn- A converted Quaker who proposed to Charles II to grant him a piece of land in America to open for the Quakers free realm

·      Advertises for settlers to make colony prosperous; they want honest, hard working people and in return they get free land and political/religious freedom; this interests the Dutch, Germans, and Swedes (large mix of European aspects)

·      Fairly liberal area; had good relations with the Indians; representative assembly where all land owners could vote; freedom of worship with tax supported; almost no immigration limits

·      Rather prosperous due to a varying economy: Coal production, commercial, & iron making

·      Philadelphia becomes largest colony; Pennsylvania becomes 3^rd largest in America

Albany Congress (1754)

·      Intercolonial congress in Albany. Delegates of only 7/13 colonies showed up.

·      The purpose was to keep the scalping knives of the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the spreading war. The longer purpose was to achieve a greater colonial unity and bolster the common defense against France. Ultimately rejected because too radical

·      Led primarily by Ben Franklin

Battle of Quebec

·      The two armies, the British under Wolfe and the French under Montcalm, faced each other on the Plains of Abraham (near Quebec); the French lost

·      One of the most significant engagements in British and American history; when the French failed, their flag was in Canada for the last time and their power in the North American continent was shut down

 Capture of Louisbourg

Causes of the French and Indian War

 Chief Pontiac

Fort Duquesne

General Braddock

·      60 year old officer experienced in European warfare who was sent to Virginia with a strong detachment of British regulars

·      1755- Braddock set out to capture Duquesne with 2000 men and Washington as his 2^nd in command; they met a French/Indian army on the way and he was mortally wounded

Major Events of the French and Indian War

·      French military move into ORV and set up fortresses to Fort Duquesne

·      Lieutenant Dinwiddie (investor of Ohio Company) sends George Washington to Duquesne to tell French to move out and scout out the area

·       Washington in charge of 150 men and march to Duquesne; meet a reconnaissance party and defeat them, but kill a diplomat (!!!); forced to build FORT NECESSITY because they were surrounded;  he and men are captured and he signs a document claiming his murder of the diplomat (TRIGGERS THE WAR)

Ohio River Valley

(Important river valley that was crucial for success in the French/Indian War)

·      Fighting over this territory was a main cause of the war

·      Responsible for the delay of the Articles ratification

·      Territory regarded in the Northwest Ordinance

 Proclamation of 1763

Significance of the French and Indian War (Results)

·      England: Most powerful nation of the world; financial problems result from heavy war debt (war bonds, money due to pay for new colonies)

·      America: Come out with a sense of freedom (less Spanish, French, or Indian threat), gained military experience, retained English culture

·      Three Important Changes in War Conduct: ¹⁾ Key to winning was in America; ²⁾ Use of the British navy to bottle up the French to prevent them from receiving foreign aid; ³⁾ Use of Merit System (capable, younger men who prove themselves to be generals)

 Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)

·      British East India Company is facing bankruptcy so England forces colonists to buy tea from them to save them; tax is realized as a revenue tax by Sam Adams (Furious)

·      A band of Bostonians (Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, other Committee of Safety members), disguised as Indians and boarded the docked tea ships. They smashed/ dumped 342 crates of tea into the Boston harbor.

·      Prompted the passage of the Intolerable Acts (See Intolerable Acts)

British Enforcement of the Navigation Acts

·      Laws that restricted carrying trade or shipping to ships of English origin

·      Included a list of enumerated products (specifically named products) that could only go through England first

Committees of Correspondence

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

·      One of the most influential pamphlets ever written; best-seller and reached a total of 120,000 copies

·      Simple, pointed style of convincing writing

·      Gives a series of arguments (based from common sense) of why to break off from England (why should the tiny island of Britain control the vast continent of America?; why should we be ruled by a country 3,000 miles away?)

·      Thomas Paine- Radical who wrote Common Sense. He was a corset-maker’s apprentice. His protest called for a new kind of political society (republic), where power flowed from the people themselves, not a corrupt and despotic monarch

Intolerable Acts

Repressive Acts- (Result of the Boston Tea Party)

·      Boston Port Act- Closes port of Boston until all tea that was dumped, was paid for

·      Administration of Justice Act- Brings British officials that are charged with crime in the colonies to England for trial (ultimately all innocent)

·      Massachusetts Self-Governing Act- Severely limits the amount of self-government in the colonies; town meetings were banned

·      Quartering Act (New)- Requires colonies to home/take care of the soldiers that are guarding their cities (primarily Boston) 

Stamp Tax (1765)

Required the purchase of a stamp for all licenses, shipping manifests, or any other official paper documents

·      Type of revenue tax

·      Stamp was paper that had evidence of a tax been paid on it

·      Angered colonists: ¹⁾Violation of rights; ²⁾Affected everyone is all the colonies; ³⁾Economy was not good, this act made it worse

Tea Tax

Townshend Acts (1767)

Virtual Representation

Admiral de Grasse

Armed Neutrality

 Baron von Steuben

Captain John Paul Jones

Declaration of Independence

The official motion of Lee’s resolution that was adopted on July 4, 1776 by the Congress. “the Explanation of Independence” or “Mr. Jefferson’s advertisement of Mr. Lee’s resolution”

·      Purpose- To assert that the colonies are free, independent states; to place common sense of subject in the plain terms of the people

·      Inspired universal awareness of the American Revolution as a fight for the belief that “all men are created equal”

·      Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness- Main principle

Events leading to the Treaty of Paris 1783

General Benedict Arnold

·      Aided Montgomery at Quebec in 1775; retreated along the St. Lawrence River back to Lake Champlain while keeping his army in the field

·      Constructed a tiny fleet which was eventually destroyed by the British

General John Burgoyne

·      Actor-playwright-soldier who leads a main invading force of 7,000 down the Lake Champlain route from Montreal

·      They retake Ticonderoga; are attacked / surrounded at Bennington (cutting off his northern escape route)

 General William Howe

·      Leads the NY army under that is supposed to go from the Hudson River to Albany; he decides to go to Philadelphia instead in attempt to capture the 2^ndC.C.

o   Encounters and defeats Washington at Brandywine Creek & Germantown; in an attempt to stop Howe, Washington gives Philadelphia evacuation time.

o   Howe occupies Philadelphia; Washington keeps an eye from Valley Forge

 George Rogers Clark

 Joseph Brant

Richard Henry Lee

Significance of the Revolution’s privateers

Privately owned American ships (legalized pirates) specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping. 1000 men responding to calls of patriotism, sailed with 70,000 men (“sailors of fortune”); captured some 600 British prizes, but they also caught privateers and American merchantmen

Tories (Loyalists)

Patriots (Whigs)

Treaty of Paris 1783

·      British recognize American independence

·      Granted generous boundaries: Mississippi-west,  Great Lakes-north, Spanish Florida-south

o   America got these huge boundaries because:

§  They rightfully owned it from George Rogers Clark’s victory in some major battles

§  The British wanted to keep it out of French hands

·      America is permitted to fish off the coast of Newfoundland

·      American gov’t would have to compensate Loyalists for their taken property

·      England had the right to collect the debts owed to them by America 

Victory at Yorktown

·      Washington and Rochambeuau (commander of a powerful French army that arrived in Newport, RI in 1780) start a land march for Yorktown

·      Admiral de Grasse (French) sails to the Chesapeake Bay to meet corner the British

o   Encounters British commander Graves and defeats him in a naval battle

·      Cornwallis is incredibly outnumbered by the Americans on land, and the French by sea and is forced to surrender on October 19, 1781

·      This also caused the collapse of the North’s Tory gov’t

 “Extra-Constitutionality”

Practices, customs, and traditions that are not written in the Constitution but serve as an essential part of government

·      The Cabinet- President has the power to appoint people to assist him

·      Judicial Review- Supreme Court has the power to review federal and state laws to determine if they are in keeping with the Constitution

·      Outside Influences-Pressure groups, hiring agents called lobbyists, urged legislators to pass certain laws. The press plays a vital role.

·      Committee System- Committees helps Congress select the most important bills from the 1000s proposed

·      Political Parties- People from different regions and backgrounds, who usually share common beliefs and goals

Annapolis Convention (Maryland, 1786)

·      Conference with only 5 state representatives (VA, MD, PA,DE, NY)

·      Did not accomplish much because a majority of the state’s representatives were missing, but Alexander Hamilton called upon this Congress to summon the

·      Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation

Checks and Balances

  Concurrent Powers (Both Delegated and Reserved Powers)-

·      Levy taxes

·      Define crimes and their punishment

·      Determine voting qualifications

·      Borrow money

Daniel Shays

Revolutionary, underpaid war officer who went bankrupt because the gov’t never paid him back the dues that were owed of him; leader of rebellion

·      Rebellion of 100s of Massachusetts farmers who rebelled against the gov’t because they were losing their farms on mortgage foreclosure, they were upset with the economic rut, and the inadequacy to pay back funds from the war 

Enumerated Powers

Federalism (Division of Power)

Federalist 

Those in favor of the strong federal gov’t

·      Enjoyed support from Washington, Franklin, Madison, and Hamilton

·      Generally, wealthier, more educated peoples

·      Control the press; more than 100 newspapers run by them

·      Advantages:

o   Better organized and better skilled politicians, Offered a positive program for change, Better represented in state legislatures, People demanding more respect were among them, Federalist Papers

Anti-Federalist

Those who opposed the stronger federal gov’t

·      Included Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, and Patrick Henry; consisted mainly of states’ rights devotees, backcountry dwellers, and one-horse farmers (poorest classes)

·      Saw in the Constitution a plot by the upper class to steal back power from the common folk; cried that it was antidemocratic; charged that the sovereignty of the states was low and freedom was in danger from the absence of a bill of rights

·      Controlled only a few newspapers

 Implied Powers

 John Jay

Northwest Ordinance (1787) 

Decided the process of how a territory became a state

·      Established boundaries of Mississippi River, Ohio River, and the Great Lakes

o   Would be divided into no less than 3, but no more than 5 states (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin)

·      Once the area had 5,000 free adult males, they could create a territorial gov’t that would be subordinate to the federal gov’t

·      Once the territory could supply 60,000 inhabitants, they could write a constitution, apply to Congress for admission, & then be admitted as a state in the Union on a equal footing with the other states

·      The political freedoms (education & outlaw of slavery) are retained if one moved west

 Powers and limitations of the President

·      Veto laws

·      Negotiate treaties and make foreign policy

·      Appoint federal officials and federal judges

·      Recommend laws

·      Grant pardons and paroles

Powers of the Senate

·      Conducts impeachment trials

·      Approves Presidential appointments

·      Ratifies treaties

 Powers of the House of Representatives

·      Impeaches federal officials

·      Introduces money bills

·      Selects a President if the electoral college fails to do so

  Reserved Powers (States)

·      Regulate education

·      Grant licenses

·      Provide police and fire protection

·      Regulate the sale of property within the state

States’ Rights

The “Great Compromise”

·      Large State Plan (Virginia Plan)- Called for a bicameral Congress where representation is based on population size

·      Small State Plan (New Jersey Plan)- Called for a unicameral Congress where representation is equal every state

·      Great Compromise-Called for a bicameral legislature: House of Rep. would be based on population; Senate would have equal representation

o   2 senators from each state & each one is independent

o   All $ bills must start in the H.O.R. and are discontinued if rejected

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Alexander Hamilton vs. Thomas Jefferson

·      The essential disagreement between them over the proposed Bank of the US was whether or not the Constitution granted the federal gov’t the power to establish such a bank

·      Jefferson opposes the bank saying that it is not constitutional and that it is not necessary. He says that the 10^th Amendment declares all powers not granted to the central gov’t, are the states. He believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution here

·      Hamilton believed that what the Constitution did not say it forbade, it permitted. He claimed that it was not only proper, but necessary and beneficial. He contended for a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution

·      Hamilton’s views prevail and he wins over Washington

Alien and Sedition Act

·      Alien Act: Gives the president the power to deport any alien that he finds against America

·      Sedition Act: Gives the president the power to infine and/or imprison anyone who speaks out against gov’t

1^st Bank of the US

·      Created with a 20 year charter

·      The gov’t will be a major shareholder (20%);

·      Will help the gov’t deposit money, pay bills, and issue money

·      Opposed by states rights advocates

·      Opposed by Jefferson: He says it is not constitutional because it is not necessary nor is it a delegated power; 10^th amendment says it must be a state power

·      Favored by Hamilton: Says the bank is an implied power because it is a proper action, thus making it constitutional

 Hamilton’s Plan: Assumption, funding at par

·      Expenses (It would cost some money)

o   National Debt: “Funding at Par”- Paying off the entire national debt at face value and consumed interest; Bonds will be repaid to the current bond holders

o   State Debts: Assumption- When the national gov’t takes over the states debts; gets the states in favor

of the gov’t (VA not pleased b/c they already paid their debts)

§  Log Rolling- “You help me, I help you”

·      Income

Judiciary Act of 1789

Pickney’s Treaty(Treaty of San Lorenzo)

·      Spanish give America the Right of Deposit in New Orleans

·      Spanish give America every inch of disputed territory (but they keep FL and New Orleans)

·      Spanish agreed to help restrict Indian attack from Spanish FL into US territory

The Federalist Papers

Series of 85 articles for the NY newspapers; designed as propaganda  that provided the best explanation about what the Constitution is

·      Written by Alexander Hamilton(NY), John Jay (NY), James Madison

·      Most brilliant- Federalist No. 10: Refuted the conventional wisdom of the day that it was impossible to extend a republican form of gov’t over a large territory  

Washington’s Farewell Address

Final statement made by Washington in which he leaves the people with this advice for the future:

·      Avoid long-term entangling alliances with foreign nations

·      Do not have political parties (“They would excite political jealousy”)

Washington’s foreign policy

·      French Revolution affects our foreign policy. Washington does not want to get involved so he issues a Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793. Washington is put in a tough position when Edmund Genat (rep from France) tries to rally up US citizens for privateers. Nevertheless, he handles the situation.

·      English blockade around French coasts stops American ships and impressments is taking place. John Jay is sent to England to negotiate a treaty to avoid war and he does.

·      Spain sees Jay’s Treaty as a precursor to an American-British Alliance and they decide to resolve conflict with Pickney’s Treaty

·      The Indians, led by Tecumseh, are attempting an annex of the ORV. They fight Anthony Wayne (American general) at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and soon later makes the Treaty of Grenville 

 Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

·      Hamilton proposed for an excise tax on whiskey to help with his plan

·      Rye & corn crops distilled to alcohol were easier transported to markets than grain bale

·      Farmers upset with it and they tarred and feathered revenue officers (ex: John Neville)

·      Major rebel leaders included: John Holcroft and James McFarland

·      Gave the gov’t an idea of how to strengthen themselves to avoid further rebellion

Albert Gallatin

“Revolution of 1800”

Nickname by Thomas Jefferson for the Election of 1800

·      Important because there was a tie for the presidency between President and Vice President

·      It was a peaceful transition of power from one political party to the other

·      Changed the Federalist view (urban, industrial, commercial, NE America) to the Democratic Republican view (rural, agricultural, SW America)

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

The precedent-setting Supreme Court case in which Marshall declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789(Authorized the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus) unconstitutional

·      Madison refused to give William Marbury a commission as a justice of the peace after appointed by Adams. Marbury sued under a writ of mandamus

·      Marshall declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 (Section 13) as unconstitutional

·      Concept of Judicial Review established (principle that said that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional)

Midnight Judges

Samuel Chase

 Arguments over protectionist Tariff of 1816

·      First tariff in American history instituted primarily for protection, not revenue; its rates (20-25% on the value of dutiable imports) were not high enough to provide adequate safeguards

·      Daniel Webster (NH rep) thought the Tariff would hurt/make trade difficult

·      John Calhoun (SC rep) spoke on behalf of the Tariff, saying it was essential

·      Their views both completely alter to being the exact opposite

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

·      The college was granted a charter by George III, but the state had seen fit to change it

·      Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand; this decision safeguarded the business enterprise from domination of states’ government

Hartford Convention (December 15,1814- January 5,1815)

·      Convention where MA, CT, RI sent full delegations and NH and VT sent partial reps

·      Demanded the financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade

·      Proposed that ¹⁾declaring war  or an ²⁾embargo required a 2/3 vote in Congress, and that ³⁾new states were to be added on a majority

·      Sought to abolish the 3/5 clause in the Constitution, to limit the president to a single term, and to prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state

Macon’s Bill #2

 Missouri Compromise (1820)

·      Missouri begins the process of applying for statehood; want to become a slave state

o   Difficulty with equality in the Senate (free vs. slave)

o   Difficulty with precedent (Missouri is the first state West of the Mississippi, is fear that a slave state sets a precedent for the rest of the Louisiana territory

·      If the Tallmadge Amendment is accepted, then Missouri can be admitted

o   Any slave currently in Missouri can stay, but no new slaves are allowed. Any children of slaves will be free once reaching nonage

·      Sectionalism arises between free states and slave states because there is much dispute over the controversy

·      Henry Clay forms the Compromise

o   Missouri is a slave state

o   Maine is admitted as a free state

o   Boundary line 36 degrees 30’ (Starting at the southern border of Missouri

§  North of the line= No slavery

§  South of the line= Slavery permitted

·      Results

o   Set up a pattern for the admission of states (slave/free)

o   Creates a temporary sectional peace

 Results of the Monroe Doctrine

·      Russia starts moving down the coast, claiming US territory

·      Latin America rebellions fighting for independence are on the verge of being suppressed by talk of Quadruple Alliance (European countries set forth to stop democratic revolutions) intercession with Spain

·      George Canning (British foreign minister) presents a bilateral doctrine to stop the intervention; does not appeal to Adams, so he makes a unilateral doctrine

o   No new colonization (previous colonies are ok, but new ones aren’t)

o   Mutual non-interference (you don’t bother us, we don’t bother you)

·      Importance:

o   Canning’s idea is taken, making him and England upset

o   Although not included, England would still back us and aid in controlling the Alliance because they need our trade

o   Cornerstone in American foreign policy

o   Russo-American Treaty of 1824- Fixed the Russian boundary at the line of 54 degrees 40’ (southern tip of present-day Alaska

Results of the War of 1812

·      Rise of nationalism (Federalists are on the way out)

·      Foreign respect for American Forces (we are small, but mighty)

·      Rise of military heroes (Harrison, Jackson, Winfield Scott)

·      Indian threat is diminishing (wiped out East of the Mississippi)

·      Increase of American manufacturing (due to the block on trade, we now made our own things)

·      Rise of Canadian Nationalism (they realize they don’t subject to British laws if separate)

·      Improvement of US / British relations (not allies, but not enemies neither)

o   Rush-Bagot Agreement 

Treaty of Ghent-(Dec. 24,1814)

“Trail of Tears”

 Andrew Jackson vs. Nicholas Biddle

·      Jackson despises the Bank (its policies and how it is run) b/c he felt it was a “moneyed monster”.

·      He also does not like Nicholas Biddle (brilliant, but arrogant president of the Bank of the United States that held an enormous amount of power over the nation’s financial affairs). Biddle defends it b/c it is the only national institution and it provided control over other banks

·      Jackson’s victory in the election of 1832 gave him the confidence to gradually take out the bank by removing funds slowly and putting them into “pet banks”. This worked and the 1^st Bank of the US died out in 1836

 Characteristics of Jacksonian Democracy

Although previous democracy was “limited”, Jackson believed anyAmerican can be part of gov’t (rise of the common man)

·      The fall of aristocratic leaders led to the rise of democratic leaders

·      Rise of the common man (w/ political power)

o   Universal white manhood suffrage is employed and they can vote

·      Modern campaigning

·      More democratic selection of party candidates

o   Previously, the electors would be those to run, but now others can

o   Anti-Masonic Party- Short lived 3^rd political party that opposed the secrecy of the Masons. They were a true-embodied example of new democracy and they began the primary way of candidate selection through conventions

·      Prophets and powers of political position appeal to the people (basically, the common man can aspire to political fame)

 Compromise of 1833- (A result from the Tariff of 1833)

·      The Union Party- Favored national gov’t and nationalism

·      The States’ Rights Party- Favored sectionalism and nullification principles

·      SC Congress state elections take place, naming States’ Rights Party victorious

o   Prior to election, they “pass” an Ordinance of Nullification for the Tariff of 1832 (doesn’t mean anything b/c they weren’t really in office)

·      Henry Clay proposes the Compromise Tariff of 1833

o   Said the tariff would be reduced gradually over 8 years by 10%

·      Congress also passes the Force Act (Bloody Bill)- This authorizes the president to use the power of the armed forces in order to enforce a national law; SC nullifies it

Direct Primary

Election of 1824

Election comprising of 4 candidates from the Democratic Republican party, as a result of sectionalism

·      John Quincy Adams-Aloof Massachusetts intellectual that who became president in 1824 and was an unpopular leader in the new era of mass democracy; he supported merchants and industrializers; he was accused of corrupt bargaining with Henry Clay for the presidency; his nationalistic principles did not go over well with the people and he was defeated by Jackson in the 1828 election

·      Andrew Jackson- Does not have a vast political background, but is a popular, efficient leader; “Old Hickory”; “King Mob”; first president of the West, the first one nominated at a formal party convention; oversaw the “Tariff of Abominations” and promoted expansion and Indian Removal

·      William Crawford- Presidential candidate in the 1824 election of Georgia; had a strict interpretation of the Constitution; “King Caucuss”; he suffered a stroke which ousted him from running

·      Henry Clay- Extremely nationalistic candidate; Main rival for president in the election of 1832; Speaker of the House & was accused of corrupt bargaining w/ Adams; attempted to preserve the Bank but it defeated by Jackson with 1832 veto

·      Since no one has a majority vote, the election gets shifted over to the House

·      “Corrupt Bargain”- Practice of bargaining within branches to have strings pulled to get one into office. Adams and Clay are accused of this action b/c after Adams is elected, Clay is named Secretary of State

·      Results of the Election- Adams is victorious with Calhoun as his VP.

Whig Party

A combination party of the National Republicans, The Anti-Masons, and some Democrats that exist b/c of an opposition to Jackson. Emerged in the election of 1836

·      Liked a more activist gov’t, high tariffs, internal improvements, & moral reforms

·      The Whigs plan to win the election was to nominate multiple candidates from random areas of the country in order to spread out the electoral vote so Van Buren would not be elected. This strategy does not work out well. Despite their failure, the Whigs remain a major party for the elections to come

Jackson’ Veto of the bank recharter bill

 National Nominating Conventions

Panic of 1837

·      Causes:

o   Overspeculation of western land

o   Jackson’s financial policies (End of the 2^nd B.U.S. and the Specie Circular)

·      Many banks are failing (causes loss of federal gov’t money b/c of scatter $ in pet banks

·      Van Buren proposes the Divorce Bill (theoretical)- Said that federal gov’t money should be separated from private banks

·      Divorce Bill replaced by the Independent Treasury Act (practical application of Divorce Bill)

Sam Houston

Specie Circular

Stephen Austin

Tariff of Abominations (1827)

·      Extremely high protective tariff (45%); not only for foreign prices,but domestic ones too

·      Individual American industrialists make all the $ at the expense of all other Americans

·      SC opposed to the tariff and they threatened nullification; prompted Calhoun to write the “South Carolina Exposition and Protest”

The South Carolina Exposition

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

·      Debate commences with Senator Foote proposing in the Senate a curb of the sale of western land for:

o   Economically- Workers are scarce enough and now with cheap new land, they are leaving the industrial factories of New England for farming occupations out West

o   Politically- The population of New England begins a decline as Western population inclines; causing disruption in electoral matters

·      Robert Hayne (governor of SC; passionate speaker) approaches the issue and spreads it out to national power vs. states’ rights

o   He criticizes New England in particular, the Tariff of 1828, and finalizes with nullification amongst southern states over national laws

·      Daniel Webster takes his stand for the Northern states

o   States that it is up to the people (as a whole) what becomes law through Congress and what gets turned over by the Supreme Court, not individual states

o   “Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” This states that if liberty is gone, then we will fall un-united; creates the “preserve the union” mindset 

Building the Erie Canal- (“Clinton’s Big Ditch”)

·      Under the command of Governor Clinton. It began in 1817 and was completed in 1825 with 363 miles connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River

·      Its completion opened the Great Lakes states to rapid economic growth and spurred the development of major cities

 DeWitt Clinton

Economic livelihood in the West

·      Primary economic activity in the Rockies was fur-trapping

·      Came to look on the spectacular western wilderness areas as one of the things that defined and distinguished America as a new nation

Frontier life, population

·      Often plagued by poverty and illness

·      Difficult for women

·      Half the population was under 30

·      Popular literature abounded with portraits of unique, isolated figures (Coopers and Melville’s works)

Horace Mann

Seneca Falls convention

Transcendentalist Writers 

“Fire Eaters”

Cotton Kingdom and Plantation System

·      By the 19^th century, cotton is king and is the staple, master crop of the southern states

·      Cotton gin of Eli Whitney makes it easier and cheaper to produce cotton

·      In the deep South, “cotton belt”, cotton plantations are strong

Free Soilers

Gag Resolutions

Mountain Whites

Positive good

Sojourner Truth

Southern Whites and Slave Ownership

·      2-3% : New planter aristocrats (owned approx. 100 slaves)

·      3-5% : Large farm-owners (50-100 slaves)

·      8-12% : Slave owning whites (approx. 10 slaves)

·      60 % :Non-slave owning whites; small independent farmers; mtn. whites

·      2-3% : Whites / Free Blacks mix

·      20% : Slaves

“Bear Flag Republic”

“Spot Resolutions”

Battles of:

·      Goliad-400 Texans vs. Santa Anna fight and soon surrender. Santa Anna mercilessly kills them all

·      San Jacinto- Sam Houston (former TN governor) organizes the Texans and leads them to victory over Mexicans (April 21, 1836)

o   Captures Santa Anna and forces him to sign a document recognizing Texan independence and the southern boundary of Texas as the Rio Grande (not legit b/c it was by force, not free will)

·      The Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836)- Most famous battle of the Texas Revolution

o   After a revolutionary army of Texan settlers and adventurers from the US drove all Mexican troops out of Mexican Texas, Santa Anna led an invasion to regain control of the area.

o   Mexican forces arrived in San Antonio de Bexar on February 23 and initiated a siege of the Texan forces garrisoned at the Alamo Mission.

o   Jim Bowie, William Travis (commander at the Alamo; “Victory or Death”), and Davy Crocket are among famous Americans fighting there

·      Buena Vista (1846)- Zachary Taylor comes out victorious although outnumbered 4:1

o   Americans were more capable, intelligent officers that could execute difficult tasks; Mexicans were bad at doing this sort of work

o   Americans were experimenting with a rapid firing gun (helped a lot)

·      Whigs choose Henry Clay

·      Democrats nominate James K. Polk (dark horse candidate)

§  Not widely known beyond local area; One who doesn’t seem likely to win

§  Speaker of the House for 4 years and governor of TN for 2 terms

·      Liberty Party nominates James Birney

·      Results: Polk wins

 Independent Treasury System

·      The practical application of Divorce Bill

·      Said US gov’t vaults scattered around the country would hold the money. This cant fail b/c it is not a bank, but is bad b/c the money cant gain interest

Liberty Party

Manifest Destiny

Recognition of Texas

(Jackson and Van Buren were hesitant to extend recognition to and to annex the new Texas Republic because antislavery groups in the US opposed the expansion of slavery)

·      Texan Opinion on Independence: Wants the US to annex them

·      Mexican Opinion on Independence: Texas is still part of Mexico, so no independence

·      Englishman Opinion on Independence: Texas should be independent (Tax-free zone with limited other restrictions)

·      European Opinion on Independence: Keep Texas independent because it would stop expansion of US 

·      American (southerner) Opinion on Independence: Wants Texas annexed because it would increase rep. in Congress

·      American (northerner) Opinion on Independence: Doesn’t want Texas annexed because it gives a more moral slavery and political POV

·      American (westerner) Opinion on Independence: Wants Texas annexed (for a stronger America)

Annexation of Texas

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

·      America gained 7,000 of the 12,000 square miles

·      British gained 5,000 of the 12,000 square miles, including the Quebec-Halifax route

·      British also surrendered the 6,500 square miles of the Mesabi area near Lake of the Woods in Minnesota (contained rich supply of iron ore)

“Higher law”

“Underground Railroad”